Abstract
Augmented reality technology is attracting increased attention, given the popularity of the smartphone. The utilisation of the smartphone with AR technology is also enabling mobile augmented reality (MAR) to become accessible. Stereoscopic vision offers users the benefit of depth perception, which can help improve user memory. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effect on knowledge retention using MAR with stereoscopic vision. An experiment to compare a stereoscopic-based MAR application and a paper-based manual was designed to test the participants’ knowledge retention on a product part and disassembly process. The developed MAR adopted a smartphone and headset case to provide a stereoscopic view to the user. The experiment consisted of both pre-test and post-test phases where the pre-test phase examined the participant’s knowledge about the product, and the post-test phase focused on how much information the participants could recall. The post-test phase was conducted after 48 h following the pre-test phase since long-term memory required several hours in which to stabilise. The results showed that the MAR group had an advantage over the paper-based manual group for both information retentions having a mean score of 8.89 from the MAR group, compared with 6.33 for the paper-based manual group. Moreover, the MAR group was observed to have fewer errors in the post-test with a mean score of 0.53, whereas the paper-based achieved a score of 2.2. This result indicated that the MAR group and the paper-based manual group had equivalent performance in the completion time without the assistance tool. In addition, MAR had a better mean score for the subjective feedback (usefulness = 4.47, ease of use 4.18 and satisfaction = 4.07).
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Arshad H, Chowdhury SA, Lam MC, Parhizkar B, Obeidy WK (2016) A freeze-object interaction technique for handheld augmented reality systems. Multimedia Tools and Applications 75:5819–5839
Baird KM, Barfield W (1999) Evaluating the effectiveness of augmented reality displays for a manual assembly task. Virtual Reality 4:250–259
Bergeron B, Hagen M, Peterson L, Dworkin R, Bono C, Graham T, Williams M (2019) Comparison of AR. ITS, CBT, and Didactic Training and Evaluation of Retinopathy-Based Diagnosis Military medicine 184:579–583
Biocca F, Tang A, Lamas D, Gregg J, Brady R, Gai P (2001) How do users organize virtual tools around their body in immersive virtual and augmented environment?: An exploratory study of egocentric spatial mapping of virtual tools in the mobile infosphere Media Interface and Network Design Labs. Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
Blagg D (2009) Augmented reality technology brings learning to life. Usable Knowl 18–22
Brennan L, Gupta SM, Taleb KN (1994) Operations planning issues in an assembly/disassembly environment. International Journal of Operations & Production Management 14:57–67
Broy N, André E, Schmidt A (2012) Is stereoscopic 3D a better choice for information representation in the car? In: Proceedings of the 4th international conference on automotive user interfaces and interactive vehicular applications, pp 93–100
Cammarota M, Bevilaqua LR, Medina JH, Izquierdo I (2007) 10 studies of short-term avoidance memory neural plasticity and memory: from genes to brain imaging. 193
Chang M, Ong S, Nee A (2017) AR-guided product disassembly for maintenance and remanufacturing Procedia CIRP 61:299–304
Che Hashim N, Abd Majid NA, Arshad H, Khalid Obeidy W (2018) User Satisfaction for an Augmented Reality Application to Support Productive Vocabulary Using Speech Recognition. Advances in Multimedia 2018:10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9753979
Czerwinski M, Van Dantzich M, Robertson GG, Hoffman HG (1999) The contribution of thumbnail image, mouse-over text and spatial location memory to web page retrieval in 3D. In: INTERACT, pp 163–170
Di Serio Á, Ibáñez MB, Kloos CD (2013) Impact of an augmented reality system on students’ motivation for a visual art course. Comput Educ 68:586–596
Gavish N, Gutiérrez T, Webel S, Rodríguez J, Peveri M, Bockholt U, Tecchia F (2015) Evaluating virtual reality and augmented reality training for industrial maintenance and assembly tasks. Interactive Learning Environments 23:778–798
Gonzalez-Franco M et al (2017) Immersive mixed reality for manufacturing training Frontiers in Robotics and AI 4:3
Groover MP (2002) Automation, production systems, and computer-integrated manufacturing 2nd ed assembly automation 22:298-299
Holliman N (2005) 3D display systems. To Appear: 0–7503
Hossain MS, Hardy S, Alamri A, Alelaiwi A, Hardy V, Wilhelm C (2016) AR-based serious game framework for post-stroke rehabilitation. Multimedia Syst 22:659–674. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00530-015-0481-6
Hou L, Wang X (2013) A study on the benefits of augmented reality in retaining working memory in assembly tasks: a focus on differences in gender. Automation in Construction 32:38–45
Hou L, Wang X, Bernold L, Love PE (2013) Using animated augmented reality to cognitively guide assembly. Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering 27:439–451
Huang K-T, Ball C, Francis J, Ratan R, Boumis J, Fordham J (2019) Augmented Versus Virtual Reality in Education: an Exploratory Study Examining Science Knowledge Retention When Using Augmented Reality/Virtual Reality Mobile Applications Cyberpsychology. Behavior, and Social Networking 22:105–110
Hung YH, Chen CH, Huang SW (2017) Applying augmented reality to enhance learning: a study of different teaching materials. J Comput Assist Learn 33:252–266
Kim HK, Park J, Choi Y, Choe M (2018) Virtual reality sickness questionnaire (VRSQ): motion sickness measurement index in a virtual reality environment. Applied ergonomics 69:66–73
Klopfer E, Squire K (2008) Environmental Detectives—the development of an augmented reality platform for environmental simulations. Educ Technol Res Dev 56:203–228
Lam MC, Arshad H, Piumsomboon T, Billinghurst M (2015) A combination of static and stroke gesture with speech for multimodal interaction in a virtual environment. In: International conference on electrical engineering and informatics (ICEEI), 2015, IEEE, pp 59–64
Macchiarella ND, Liu D, Gangadharan SN, Vincenzi DA, Majoros AE (2005) Augmented reality as a training medium for aviation/aerospace application. In: Proceedings of the human factors and ergonomics society annual meeting, 2005. vol 25. SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA, pp 2174–2178
Macchiarella ND, Vincenzi DA (2004) Augmented reality in a learning paradigm for flight aerospace maintenance training. In: The 23rd digital avionics systems conference (IEEE Cat. No. 04CH37576), 2004. IEEE, pp 5. D. 1–5.1
Majid NAA, Majid NA (2018) Augmented reality to promote guided discovery learning for STEM learning International Journal on Advanced Science. Engineering and Information Technology 8:1494–1500
Martín S, Díaz G, Cáceres M, Gago D, Gibert M (2012) A mobile augmented reality gymkhana for improving technological skills and history learning: Outcomes and some determining factors. In: E-learn: world conference on e-learning in corporate, government, healthcare, and higher education, association for the advancement of computing in education (AACE), pp 260–265
Marusteri M, Bacarea V (2010) Comparing groups for statistical differences: how to choose the right statistical test? Biochemia medica: Biochemia medica 20:15–32
Muhammad Nizam SS, Lam MC, Arshad H, Suwadi NA (2018) A Scoping Review on Tangible and Spatial Awareness Interaction Technique in Mobile Augmented Reality-Authoring Tool in Kitchen Advances in Multimedia 2018:14. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/5320984
Nader K, Hardt O (2009) A single standard for memory: the case for reconsolidation. Nat Rev Neurosci 10:224–234
Neumann U, Majoros A (1998) Cognitive, performance, and systems issues for augmented reality applications in manufacturing and maintenance. In: Virtual reality annual international symposium, 1998. Proceedings., IEEE 1998, 1998. IEEE, pp 4–11
Noll C, von Jan U, Raap U, Albrecht U-V (2017) Mobile augmented reality as a feature for self-oriented, blended learning in medicine: randomized controlled trial. JMIR mHealth uHealth 5:e139
Pérez-López D, Contero M (2013) Delivering educational multimedia contents through an augmented reality application: A case study on its impact on knowledge acquisition and retention Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology-TOJET 12:19–28
Radkowski R, Herrema J, Oliver J (2015) Augmented reality-based manual assembly support with visual features for different degrees of difficulty. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction 31:337–349
Rahman H, Arshad H, Mahmud R, Mahayuddin ZR, Obeidy WK (2017) A Framework to Visualize 3D Breast Tumor Using X-Ray Vision Technique in Mobile Augmented Reality Journal of Telecommunication. Electronic and Computer Engineering (JTEC) 9:145–149
Rios H, Hincapié M, Caponio A, Mercado E, Mendívil EG (2011) Augmented reality: an advantageous option for complex training and maintenance operations in aeronautic related processes. In: International conference on virtual and mixed reality, 2011. Springer, pp 87–96
Sadik MJ, Chun LM (2017) Stereoscopic vision mobile augmented reality system architecture in assembly tasks Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 12:2098–2105
Solak E, Cakir R (2016) Investigating the role of augmented reality technology in the language classroom Online Submission 18:1067–1085
Tang A, Owen C, Biocca F, Mou W (2003) Comparative effectiveness of augmented reality in object assembly. In: Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems, 2003. ACM, pp 73–80
Tarng W, Ou K-L (2012) A study of campus butterfly ecology learning system based on augmented reality and mobile learning. In: 2012 IEEE seventh international conference on wireless, mobile and ubiquitous technology in education, 2012. IEEE, pp 62–66
Tawadrous M, Rojas D, Kapralos B, Hogue A, Dubrowski A (2017) The effects of stereoscopic 3D on knowledge retention within a serious gaming environment. Multimed Tools Appl 76:7301–7319
Toet A, Jansen SE, Delleman NJ (2007) Effects of field-of-view restrictions on speed and accuracy of manoeuvring. Percept Mot Skills 105:1245–1256
Vuforia (2016) Working with Digital Eyewear in Unity. https://library.vuforia.com/content/vuforia-library/en/articles/Solution/Working-with-Digital-Eyewear-in-Unity.html. Dec 2019
Weech S, Kenny S, Barnett-Cowan M (2019) Presence and cybersickness in virtual reality are negatively related: a review Frontiers in psychology 10:158
Westerfield G, Mitrovic A, Billinghurst M (2015) Intelligent augmented reality training for motherboard assembly. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education 25:157–172
Wook TSMT, Judi HM, Sahari N, Mohamed AH, Noor SFM, Rahim N (2016) Interaction Design Model in Virtual Museum Environment Asia-Pacific Journal of Information Technology and Multimedia 5:71–81. https://doi.org/10.17576/apjitm-2016-0501-07
Yee TS, Arshad H, Abdullah A (2015) Development of a PC-based markerless augmented reality. In: 2015 international conference on electrical engineering and informatics (ICEEI), 10–11 Aug. 2015, pp 49–53. https://doi.org/10.1109/iceei.2015.7352468
Zheng F (2015) Spatio-temporal registration in augmented reality. The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE), Malaysia Grant (FRGS/1/2018/ICT01/UKM/02/5).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lam, M.C., Sadik, M.J. & Elias, N.F. The effect of paper-based manual and stereoscopic-based mobile augmented reality systems on knowledge retention. Virtual Reality 25, 217–232 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10055-020-00451-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10055-020-00451-9