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Brevibacillus fortis NRS-1210 produces edeines that inhibit the in vitro growth of conidia and chlamydospores of the onion pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae

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Abstract

Onions can be damaged by Fusarium basal rot caused by the soilborne fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae (FOC). Control of this pathogen is challenging since there is limited genetic resistance in onion. The identification of molecules that inhibit this pathogen is needed. Antagonism screening showed Brevibacillus fortis NRS-1210 secreted antifungal compounds into growth medium. The spent growth medium, diluted 1:1, inhibited growth of FOC conidia after seven hours and killed 67–91% of conidia after 11 h. The spent medium also inhibited growth of propagules from F. graminearum, F. proliferatum, F. verticillioides and Galactomyces citri-aurantii. Full strength spent growth medium did not effectively kill FOC conidia and chlamydospores inoculated into a sand cornmeal mixture. In silico analysis of the B. fortis NRS-1210 genome indicated the biosynthetic clusters of several antibiotics. Fractionation of spent medium followed by reverse-phase liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry analysis found that fractions with the most antifungal activity contained a combination of edeines A, B and F and no other recognized antibiotics. 1H NMR signals of the active fraction corresponded to edeine, a pentapeptide with broad spectrum antimicrobial activity which blocks translation in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Comparative genomics of Brevibacillus genomes shows edeine producers form a clade which consists of: Brevibacillus brevis, Brevibacillus formosus, ‘Brevibacillus antibioticus’, Brevibacillus schisleri, Brevibacillus fortis, and Brevibacillus porteri. This observation suggests edeine played an important role in the evolution and speciation of the Brevibacillus genus.

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful for the excellent technical assistance of Mark Doehring, Victoria Nguyen, Jace Patacsil, and Heather Walker. We appreciate that Dr. Christopher Cramer provided the New Mexico 9 FOC strain. The mention of trade names or commercial products in this paper is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the U. S. Department of Agriculture over other firms or similar products not mentioned. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

Funding

This study was supported by USDA CRIS Projects 5010-22410-019-00D and 5010-41000-161-00D.

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  1. Crop Bioprotection Research Unit, USDA ARS, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL, 61604, USA

    Eric T. Johnson & Christopher A. Dunlap

  2. Bioenergy Research Unit, USDA ARS, 1815 N. University St., Peoria, IL, 61604, USA

    Michael J. Bowman

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Study conception: EJ. All three authors performed research, analyzed data, and contributed to the writing of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Eric T. Johnson.

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Johnson, E.T., Bowman, M.J. & Dunlap, C.A. Brevibacillus fortis NRS-1210 produces edeines that inhibit the in vitro growth of conidia and chlamydospores of the onion pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 113, 973–987 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10482-020-01404-7

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