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A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis to Investigate the Correlation Vegetable Irrigation with Wastewater and Concentration of Potentially Toxic Elements (PTES): a Case Study of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) and Radish (Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus)

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Abstract

Water shortage and stress around the world lead to the reuse of wastewater in many sectors while the recycling of water in agriculture as one of the most consumed sectors can boost the contamination of crops by potentially toxic elements (PTEs). Therefore, this study was aimed to investigate the correlation between the accumulation of PTEs (Fe, Zn, Cr, Ni, Cu, Pb, As, Cd, and Se) in edible parts of spinach and radish plants and sewage irrigation by the aid of a meta-analysis. Moreover, the non-carcinogenic risk (N-CR) and carcinogenic risk (CR) for health risk assessment of consumers were assessed through actual total target hazard quotient (TTHQact) and carcinogenic risk (CRact). After the screening process, 51 articles with 75 studies were included. According to findings, the rank order of PTEs in spinach and radish were Fe > Zn > Cr > Cu > Ni > Pb > Cd > As > Se and Fe > Zn > Cr > Ni > Cu > Pb > As > Cd > Se, respectively. PTE adsorption by edible parts of spinach (leafy vegetable) was higher than radish. The health risk assessment shows that residents in Iran, India, and China are at N-CR while the population of Iran, India, and Pakistan are facing CR.

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Funding

This study received financial grants from the student research committee at Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (18448).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Student Research Committee, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Ali Atamaleki

  2. Workplace Health Promotion Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Ahmadreza Yazdanbakhsh

  3. School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Ahmadreza Yazdanbakhsh

  4. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Food Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran

    Yadolah Fakhri

  5. School of Public Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran

    Atieh Salem

  6. School of Public Health, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran

    Mahdi Ghorbanian

  7. Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-862, Brazil

    Amin Mousavi Khaneghah

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  1. Ali Atamaleki
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Atamaleki, A., Yazdanbakhsh, A., Fakhri, Y. et al. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis to Investigate the Correlation Vegetable Irrigation with Wastewater and Concentration of Potentially Toxic Elements (PTES): a Case Study of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) and Radish (Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus). Biol Trace Elem Res 199, 792–799 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-020-02181-0

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