Skip to main content
Log in

Effect of Laser Shock Peening on Properties of Heat-Treated Ti–6Al–4V Manufactured by Laser Powder Bed Fusion

  • Regular Paper
  • Published:
International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing-Green Technology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Ti–6Al–4V components fabricated by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) suffer from high brittleness and poor toughness issues, which are largely attributed to the \({\alpha }^{^{\prime}}\)-martensite phase of LPBF products. Post-heat treatment is often carried out to improve the toughness of LPBF products, which, however, has been reported to result in a decrease in strength, abrasion resistance, and corrosion resistance. In this study, laser shock peening (LSP) is applied to post-heat-treated Ti–6Al–4V LPBF products as a solution to achieve enhanced surface properties as well as improved toughness. By post-heat treatment only the impact toughness of the LPBF-fabricated Ti–6Al–4V could be increased by 150%, that too at a significant degradation of surface hardness, wear, and corrosion resistance. When LSP is applied to the post-heat-treated Ti–6Al–4V, impact toughness remains nearly the same, whereas surface hardness and wear resistance are recovered to approximately 92% and almost full values prior to heat treatment, respectively. LSP also decreased the corrosion rate by 64% from that of the heat-treated sample. The results showed that LSP combined with post-heat treatment is a plausible approach to achieve both high impact toughness and enhanced surface properties in LPBF-fabricated Ti–6Al–4V products.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Kwon, J., Park, H. W., Park, Y.-B., & Kim, N. (2017). Potentials of additive manufacturing with smart materials for chemical biomarkers in wearable applications. International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing-Green Technology, 4, 335–347.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Shin, D.-G., Kim, T.-H., & Kim, D.-E. (2017). Review of 4D printing materials and their properties. International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing-Green Technology, 4, 349–357.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Ho, C. M. B., Ng, S. H., & Yoon, Y.-J. (2015). A review on 3D printed bioimplants. International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing, 16, 1035–1046.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Mumtaz, K. A., Erasenthiran, P., & Hopkinson, N. (2008). High density selective laser melting of Waspaloy®. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 195, 77–87.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Kuo, C., Su, C., & Chiang, A. (2017). Parametric optimization of density and dimensions in three-dimensional printing of Ti–6Al–4V powders on titanium plates using selective laser melting. International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing, 18, 1609–1618.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Zhang, L., Zhang, S., Zhu, H., Hu, Z., Wang, G., & Zeng, X. (2018). Horizontal dimensional accuracy prediction of selective laser melting. Materials and Design, 160, 9–20.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Abe, F., Osakada, K., Shiomi, M., Uematsu, K., & Matsumoto, M. (2001). The manufacturing of hard tools from metallic powders by selective laser melting. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 111, 210–213.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Qiu, C., Adkins, N. J. E., & Attallah, M. M. (2013). Microstructure and tensile properties of selectively laser-melted and of HIPed laser-melted Ti–6Al–4V. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 578, 230–239.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Osakada, K., & Shiomi, M. (2006). Flexible manufacturing of metallic products by selective laser melting of powder. International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, 46, 1188–1193.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Yao, X., Moon, S. K., Lee, B. Y., & Bi, G. (2017). Effects of heat treatment on microstructures and tensile properties of IN718/TiC nanocomposite fabricated by selective laser melting. International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing, 18, 1693–1701.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Bhaduri, D., Penchev, P., Batal, A., Dimov, S., Soo, S. L., Sten, S., et al. (2017). Laser polishing of 3D printed mesoscale components. Applied Surface Science, 405, 29–46.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Kim, U. S., & Park, J. W. (2019). High-quality surface finishing of industrial three-dimensional metal additive manufacturing using electrochemical polishing. International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing-Green Technology, 6, 11–21.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Ma, C., Andani, M. T., Qin, H., Moghaddam, N. S., Ibrahim, H., Jahadakbar, A., et al. (2017). Improving surface finish and wear resistance of additive manufactured nickel–titanium by ultrasonic nano-crystal surface modification. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 249, 433–440.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Gorsse, S., Hutchinson, C., Gouné, M., & Banerjee, R. (2017). Additive manufacturing of metals: A brief review of the characteristic microstructures and properties of steels, Ti–6Al–4V and high-entropy alloys. Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 18, 584–610.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Vrancken, B., Thijs, L., Kruth, J.-P., & Van Humbeeck, J. (2012). Heat treatment of Ti6Al4V produced by selective laser melting: Microstructure and mechanical properties. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 541, 177–185.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Vilaro, T., Colin, C., & Bartout, J. D. (2011). As-fabricated and heat-treated microstructures of the Ti–6Al–4V alloy processed by selective laser melting. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 42, 3190–3199.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Mezzetta, J., Choi, J.-P., Milligan, J., Danovitch, J., Chekir, N., Bois-Brochu, A., et al. (2018). Microstructure-properties relationships of Ti–6Al–4V parts fabricated by selective laser melting. International Journal of Precision Engineering and Manufacturing-Green Technology, 5, 605–612.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Dai, N., Zhang, J., Chen, Y., & Zhang, L.-C. (2017). Heat treatment degrading the corrosion resistance of selective laser melted Ti–6Al–4V alloy. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 164, C428–C434.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Pant, B. K., Sundar, R., Kumar, H., Kaul, R., Pavan, A. H. V., Ranganathan, K., et al. (2013). Studies towards development of laser peening technology for martensitic stainless steel and titanium alloys for steam turbine applications. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 587, 352–358.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Zhigang, C., Jie, Y., Shuili, G., Ziwen, C., Shikun, Z., & Haiying, X. (2014). Self-nanocrystallization of Ti–6Al–4V alloy surface induced by laser shock processing. Rare Metal Materials and Engineering, 43, 1056–1060.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Zhang, R., Mankoci, S., Walters, N., Gao, H., Zhang, H., Hou, X., et al. (2019). Effects of laser shock peening on the corrosion behavior and biocompatibility of a nickel–titanium alloy. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, 107, 1854–1863.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Ranjith Kumar, G., Rajyalakshmi, G., Swaroop, S., Arul Xavier Stango, S., & Vijayalakshmi, U. (2019). Laser shock peening wavelength conditions for enhancing corrosion behaviour of titanium alloy in chloride environment. Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40430-019-1633-y.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Bagehorn, S., Wehr, J., & Maier, H. J. (2017). Application of mechanical surface finishing processes for roughness reduction and fatigue improvement of additively manufactured Ti–6Al–4V parts. International Journal of Fatigue, 102, 135–142.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Dumas, M., Cabanettes, F., Kaminski, R., Valiorgue, F., Picot, E., Lefebvre, F., et al. (2018). Influence of the finish cutting operations on the fatigue performance of Ti–6Al–4V parts produced by selective laser melting. Procedia CIRP, 71, 429–434.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Villa, M., Brooks, J. W., Turner, R. P., Wang, H., Boitout, F., & Ward, R. M. (2019). Microstructural modeling of the α + β phase in Ti–6Al–4V: A diffusion-based approach. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, 50, 2898–2911.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Ter Haar, G. M., Becker, T., & Blaine, D. C. (2016). Influence of heat treatments on the microstructure and tensile behaviour of selective laser melting-produced TI–6AL–4V PARTS. South African Journal of Industrial Engineering. https://doi.org/10.7166/27-3-1663.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Movassagh-Alanagh, F., Abdollah-zadeh, A., Aliofkhazraei, M., & Abedi, M. (2017). Improving the wear and corrosion resistance of Ti–6Al–4V alloy by deposition of TiSiN nanocomposite coating with pulsed-DC PACVD. Wear, 390–391, 93–103.

    Google Scholar 

  28. He, J., Li, D., Jiang, W., Ke, L., Qin, G., Ye, Y., et al. (2019). The martensitic transformation and mechanical properties of Ti6Al4V prepared via selective laser melting. Materials, 12, 321. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12020321.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Wang, M., Wu, Y., Lu, S., Chen, T., Zhao, Y., Chen, H., et al. (2016). Fabrication and characterization of selective laser melting printed Ti–6Al–4V alloys subjected to heat treatment for customized implants design. Progress in Natural Science: Materials International, 26, 671–677.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Mandal, A., Syed, B., Bhandari, K. K., Bhattacharya, B., Deb, A., Singh, S. B., et al. (2019). Cold-bending of linepipe steel plate to pipe, detrimental or beneficial? Materials Science and Engineering: A, 746, 58–72.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Sakakibara, Y., & Kubushiro, K. (2017). Stress evaluation at the maximum strained state by EBSD and several residual stress measurements for plastic deformed austenitic stainless steel. World Journal of Mechanics, 07, 195–210.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Lee, K.-A., Kim, Y.-K., Yu, J.-H., Park, S.-H., & Kim, M.-C. (2017). Effect of heat treatment on microstructure and impact toughness of Ti–6Al–4V manufactured by selective laser melting process. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials, 62, 1341–1346.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Li, C., Liu, Z. Y., Fang, X. Y., & Guo, Y. B. (2018). Residual stress in metal additive manufacturing. Procedia CIRP, 71, 348–353.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Liu, Y., Yang, Y., & Wang, D. (2016). A study on the residual stress during selective laser melting (SLM) of metallic powder. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 87, 647–656.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Kumar, S. A., Sundar, R., Raman, S. G. S., Kumar, H., Kaul, R., Ranganathan, K., et al. (2014). Influence of laser peening on microstructure and fatigue lives of Ti–6Al–4V. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 24, 3111–3117.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Kalentics, N., Boillat, E., Peyre, P., Gorny, C., Kenel, C., Leinenbach, C., et al. (2017). 3D laser shock peening—a new method for the 3D control of residual stresses in selective laser melting. Materials and Design, 130, 350–356.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Kalentics, N., Boillat, E., Peyre, P., Ćirić-Kostić, S., Bogojević, N., & Logé, R. E. (2017). Tailoring residual stress profile of selective laser melted parts by laser shock peening. Additive Manufacturing, 16, 90–97.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Hackel, L., Rankin, J. R., Rubenchik, A., King, W. E., & Matthews, M. (2018). Laser peening: A tool for additive manufacturing post-processing. Additive Manufacturing., 24, 67–75.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Zhang, X. C., Zhang, Y. K., Lu, J. Z., Xuan, F. Z., Wang, Z. D., & Tu, S. T. (2010). Improvement of fatigue life of Ti–6Al–4V alloy by laser shock peening. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 527, 3411–3415.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Kumar, S. A., Sundar, R., Raman, S. G. S., Kumar, H., Gnanamoorthy, R., Kaul, R., et al. (2012). Fretting wear behavior of laser peened Ti–6Al–4V. Tribology Transactions, 55, 615–623.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Platt, J. A., Guzman, A., Zuccari, A., Thornburg, D. W., Rhodes, B. F., Oshida, Y., et al. (1997). Corrosion behavior of 2205 duplex stainless steel. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 112, 69–79.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Burnat, B., Walkowiak-Przybyło, M., Błaszczyk, T., & Klimek, L. (2013). Corrosion behaviour of polished and sandblasted titanium alloys in pbs solution. Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics. https://doi.org/10.5277/abb130111. (ISSN 1509-409X).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Gurao, N. P., Manivasagam, G., Govindaraj, P., Asokamani, R., & Suwas, S. (2013). Effect of texture and grain size on bio-corrosion response of ultrafine-grained titanium. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 44, 5602–5610.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Ralston, K. D., Fabijanic, D., & Birbilis, N. (2011). Effect of grain size on corrosion of high purity aluminium. Electrochimica Acta, 56, 1729–1736.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Chi, G., Yi, D., & Liu, H. (2019). Effect of roughness on electrochemical and pitting corrosion of Ti–6Al–4V alloy in 12 wt.% HCl solution at 35 °C. Journal of Materials Research and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.11.044.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Lim, H., Kim, P., Jeong, H., & Jeong, S. (2012). Enhancement of abrasion and corrosion resistance of duplex stainless steel by laser shock peening. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 212, 1347–1354.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Ning, C., Zhang, G., Yang, Y., & Zhang, W. (2018). Effect of laser shock peening on electrochemical corrosion resistance of IN718 superalloy. Applied Optics, 57, 2467–2473.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This research was partially supported by Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology (KIAT) Grant funded by the Korea Government (MOTIE) (P0008763, The Competency Development Program for Industry Specialist).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sungho Jeong.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Yeo, I., Bae, S., Amanov, A. et al. Effect of Laser Shock Peening on Properties of Heat-Treated Ti–6Al–4V Manufactured by Laser Powder Bed Fusion. Int. J. of Precis. Eng. and Manuf.-Green Tech. 8, 1137–1150 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40684-020-00234-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40684-020-00234-2

Keywords

Navigation