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Biofabrication of gold nanoparticles with bone remodeling potential: an in vitro and in vivo assessment

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Abstract

Recent thrust in the biomaterials research has shifted towards developing bioactive and resorbable scaffolds with nanotechnological interventions. Next-generation bone scaffolds need to be multifunctional with desired osteo-integration ability, conformed resorption rate and in vivo imaging potential. In this study, we synthesized biogenic multifunctional gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using immobilized crude enzyme (ImCE) of Bacillus licheniformis. The multifunctional characteristics of AuNPs and reusability of ImCE for AuNP synthesis can make the process and application cost-effective. ImCE catalyzed the bioreduction of gold ions to AuNPs of 18.4 ± 3.3 nm. AuNPs showed good hemocompatibility and antioxidant property without any toxic effects. Further, AuNPs demonstrated the increase in alkaline phosphatase activity and calcium deposition through MC3T3-E1 murine preosteoblast cell line and rat bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). The osteoinductive effect of AuNPs was also investigated in vivo wherein the composite cryogel scaffold functionalized with bone morphogenic protein-2 (rhBMP-2), zoledronic acid (ZA), and AuNPs was implanted in a muscle pouch of Wistar rats. AuNPs had synergistic effect on bone formation along with rhBMP-2 and ZA as seen from micro-computed tomography and histological analysis. The AuNPs were found to exhibit autofluorescence property and enhanced the degradation of scaffold at the implanted site in vivo. The developed process of using ImCE presents a novel approach for biogenic fabrication of AuNPs with the potential orthopedic application.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge the Department of Science and Technology (DST) and Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India, for funding the research projects, DST/NM/NT-2018/48 and BT/IN/Sweden/08/AK/2017-18, respectively. The authors also extend their acknowledgement to Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra and Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, for the infrastructural support. A. G would like to acknowledge Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), India, for the award of fellowship and financial support (09/554(0048)/2019-EMR-I). I.Q, A.K.T, and S.G would like to acknowledge Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur for providing the research fellowships.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Bioengineering, Birla Institute of Technology Mesra (BIT Mesra), Ranchi, Jharkhand, 835215, India

    Sneha Singh, Archita Gupta & Padmini Padmanabhan

  2. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology, Birla Institute of Technology Mesra (BIT Mesra), Ranchi, Jharkhand, 835215, India

    Abhimanyu Dev

  3. Department of Biological Science and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, UP, 208016, India

    Irfan Qayoom, Arun Kumar Teotia, Sneha Gupta & Ashok Kumar

  4. Centre for Nanosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, UP, 208016, India

    Ashok Kumar

  5. Centre for Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, UP, 208016, India

    Ashok Kumar

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  1. Sneha Singh
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  2. Archita Gupta
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  3. Irfan Qayoom
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  4. Arun Kumar Teotia
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  6. Padmini Padmanabhan
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Contributions

S.S., A.D., and A.K. conceptualized and designed the whole study and the experimental plan. S.S. and A.G. carried out the experimental work and analysis of results with the support of I.Q., A.K.T., and S.G. in animal studies/micro-CT and histology. The manuscript was written by S.S. and A.G. with inputs from I.Q., A.K.T., and P.P. and further reviewed by all the authors. All the authors consent to the submission of this manuscript.

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Correspondence to Sneha Singh.

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Singh, S., Gupta, A., Qayoom, I. et al. Biofabrication of gold nanoparticles with bone remodeling potential: an in vitro and in vivo assessment. J Nanopart Res 22, 152 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-020-04883-x

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