Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the rumen microbial diversity and functionality in buffaloes fed with a blend of essential oils (BEO) using LSD switch over design. The BEO consisting of blend of Trachyspermum copticum (Ajwain) oil, Cymbopogon citratus (lemon grass) oil and Syzygium aromaticum (clove bud) oleoresin mixed in equal proportion, was fed at the rate of 0, 0.75 and 1.5 ml/100 kg of body weight in 0 (control), 0.75 and 1.5 groups, respectively. The metatranscriptomic libraries of the rumen microbiome were represented by 7 domains, 84 phyla, 64 archeal genera and 663 bacterial genera with Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes constituting 80% of phyla abundance irrespective of feeding regime. Methanogenic archaea was represented by 22 phyla with Methanobrevibacter as the major genus. BEO feeding reduced the abundance of Methanococcus and Thermoplasma (P < 0.05) at all levels. The results revealed that the feeding of BEO shifted the archeal and bacterial population at very low magnitude. The study explored the vast diversity of buffalo rumen bacteria and archaea, and the diverse wealth of rumen enzymes (CAZymes), which revealed that a major part of CAZymes comes from the less known rumen microbes indicating alternative paths of fiber degradation along with the very well known ones.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Pawar M, Kamra DN, Agarwal N, Chaudhary LC (2014) Effects of essential oils on in vitro methanogenesis and fermentation of feed with buffalo rumen liquor. Agric Res 3:67–74
Rira M, Chentlia A, Boufenerab S, Bousseboua H (2015) Energy Effects of plants containing secondary metabolites on ruminal methanogenesis of sheep in vitro. Energy Procedia 74:15–24
Khateri N, Azizi O, Jahani-Azizabadi H (2017) Effects of a specific blend of essential oils on apparent nutrient digestion, rumen fermentation and rumen microbial populations in sheep fed a 50:50 alfalfa hay, concentrate diet. Asian Aust J Anim Sci 30:370–378
Kala A, Kamra DN, Agarwal N, Chaudhary LC (2017) Effect of a blend of essential oils on buffalo rumen microbial and enzyme profiles and in vitro feed fermentation. Anim Nutr Feed Technol 17:189–200. https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-181x.2017.00020.8
Jones DR, Thomas D, Alger N, Ghavidel A, Inglis GD, Abbott DW (2018) SACCHARIS: an automated pipeline to streamline discovery of carbohydrate active enzyme activities within polyspecific families and de novo sequence datasets. Biotechnol Biofuels 11:27. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-018-1027-x
ICAR (2013) Nutrient Requirements of Cattle and Buffalo (ICAR-NIANP), 3rd edn. Indian Council of Agriculture Research, New Delhi
Singh KM, Ahir VB, Tripathi AK, Ramani UV, Sajnani M, Koringa PG, Jakhesara S, Pandya PR, Rank DN, Murty DS, Kothari RK, Joshi CG (2011) Metagenomic analysis of Surti buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) rumen, a preliminary study. Mol Biol Rep 39:4841–4848. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-011-1278-0
Parmar NR, Pandit PD, Purohit HJ, Kumar JIN, Joshi CG (2017) Influence of diet composition on cattle rumen methanogenesis: a comparative metagenomic analysis in Indian and Exotic Cattle. Indian J Microbiol 57:226–234. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-016-0635-z
Kala A, Kamra DN, Kumar A, Agarwal N, Chaudhary LC, Joshi CG (2017) Impact of levels of total digestible nutrients on microbiome, enzyme profile and degradation of feeds in buffalo rumen. PLoS ONE 12:e0172051. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172051
Zhao L, Meng Q, Ren L, Liu W, Zhang X, Huo Y, Zhou Z (2015) Effects of nitrate addition on rumen fermentation, bacterial biodiversity and abundance. Asian Austr J Anim Sci 28:1433–1441
Nardi RD, Marchesini G, Shucong L, Khafipour EK, Plaizier JC, Gianesella M, Ricci R, Andrighetto I, Segato S (2016) Metagenomic analysis of rumen microbial population in dairy heifers fed a high grain diet supplemented with dicarboxylic acids or polyphenols. BMC Veter Res 12:29. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-016-0653-4
Jami E, White, BA, Mizrahi I (2014) Potential role of the bovine rumen microbiome in modulating milk composition and feed efficiency. PLoS ONE 9:1, e85423
Fernando SC, Purvis HT, Najar FZ, Sukharnikov LO, Krehbiel CR, Nagaraja TG, Roe BA, DeSilva U (2010) Rumen microbial population dynamics during adaptation to a high-grain diet. Appl Environ Microbiol 76:7482–7490. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00388-10
Sirohi SK, Pandey N, Singh B, Puniya AK (2010) Rumen methanogens: a review. Indian J Microbiol 50:253–262. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-010-0061-6
Zhou Z, Meng Q, Yu Z (2011) Effects of methanogenic inhibitors on methane production and abundances of methanogens and cellulolytic bacteria in in vitro ruminal cultures. Appl Environ Microbiol 77:2634–2639
Danielsson R, Dicksved J, Sun L, Gonda H, Müller B, Schnürer A, Bertilsson J (2017) Methane production in dairy cows correlates with rumen methanogenic and bacterial community structure. Front Microbiol 8:226. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.00226
Wallace RJ, Rooke JA, McKain N, Duthie C, Hyslop JJ, Ross DW, Waterhouse A, Watson M, Roehe R (2015) The rumen microbial metagenome associated with high methane production in cattle. BMC Genomics 16:839. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-015-2032-0
Goyal N, Widiastuti H, Karimi IA, Zhoub Z (2014) A genome-scale metabolic model of Methanococcus maripaludis S2 for CO2 capture and conversion to methane. Mol BioSyst 10:1043–1054
Lamendella R, Domingo JW, Ghosh S, Martinson J, Oerther DB (2011) Comparative fecal metagenomics unveils unique functional capacity of the swine gut. BMC Microbiol 11:103
Kala A, Kamra DN, Chaudhary LC, Agarwal N (2019) Metagenomics and CAZymes in Rumen: a review. Indian J Anim Nutr 36:1–10. https://doi.org/10.5958/2231-6744.2019.00001.X
Wang M, Ungerfeld EM, Wang R, Zhou CS, Basang ZZ, Ao SM, Tan ZL (2016) Supersaturation of dissolved hydrogen and methane in rumen of Tibetan sheep. Front Microbiol 7:850. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.00850
Ezer A, Matalon E, Jindou S, Borovok I, Atamna N (2008) Cell surface enzyme attachment is mediated by family 37 carbohydrate-binding modules, unique to Ruminococcus albus. J Bacteriol 190:8220–8222
Rakotoarivonina H, Larson MA, Morrison M, Girardeau JP, Gaillard-Martinie B (2005) The Ruminococcus albus pilA1–pilA2 locus, expression and putative role of two adjacent pil genes in pilus formation and bacterial adhesion to cellulose. Microbiology 151:1291–1299
Acknowledgement
The authors acknowledge IVRI and ICAR for the financial and infrastructure support extended for completion of the research.
Funding
This work was supported under ICAR national professor scheme, ICAR, Ministry of Agriculture, India via F.No. 27(17)/2011-HRD dated 24/2/2012.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kala, A., Kamra, D.N., Agarwal, N. et al. Insights into Metatranscriptome, and CAZymes of Buffalo Rumen Supplemented with Blend of Essential Oils. Indian J Microbiol 60, 485–493 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-020-00894-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-020-00894-3