Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Methodology for broadband matching of electrically small antenna using combined non-Foster and passive networks

  • Published:
Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Decreasing the electric length of an antenna results in increasing its input reactance that becomes greater than its input resistance, resulting in a significant rise in its quality factor and in a drastic reduction of its potential operating bandwidth. For such small antennas, namely ESA for Electrically Small Antenna, passive matching is restricted by the gain-bandwidth theory, providing narrow bandwidths and/or poor gain. This limitation can be overtaken by using antenna matching networks based on non-Foster components. In previous studies, non-Foster components are used to cancel the reactance part of the ESA, and then passive matching may be introduced to transform the net input impedance toward 50Ω, which leads to an increase in the bandwidth. In this paper, a design methodology is put forward on three different topologies all based on combined passive and active matching networks. A described step-by-step design to decrease the antenna quality factor is discussed. A comparison is made between these topologies along with a discussion on their limitations and ability to increase the bandwidth and radiation efficiency of ESA. The third topology presented in this paper is a novel one that proposes a three-stage matching network and exhibits both the widest matched bandwidth and an increase in the efficiency of the whole system compared to previous approaches. In order to make this comparison, a new indicator to estimate the whole system radiated power efficiency is introduced and validated by comparison with a full EM simulation. Moreover, actual implementation of the two most interesting techniques are detailed and associated measured results are carefully compared to simulations.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Fig. 18
Fig. 19
Fig. 20
Fig. 21
Fig. 22
Fig. 23
Fig. 24
Fig. 25

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Lopez, A. R. (2004). Review of narrowband impedance-matching limitations. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine,46(4), 88–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Jacob, M. M., Long, J., & Sievenpiper, D. F. (2012). Broadband non-Foster matching of an electrically small loop antenna. In Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE international symposium on antennas and propagation, pp. 1–2.

  3. Xia, Y., Li, Y., & Zhang, S. (2019). A non-foster matching circuit for an ultra-wideband electrically small monopole antenna, In 13th European conference on antennas and propagation (EuCAP 2019).

  4. Chu, L. J. Physical limitations of omnidirectional antennas physical limitations of omnidirectional antennas.

  5. Yaghjian, A. D., & Best, S. R. (2003). Impedance, bandwidth, and Q of antennas. In IEEE antennas and propagation society international symposium. Digest (Vol. 1, pp. 501–504).

  6. Wheeler, H. A. (1947). Fundamental limitations of small antennas. Proceedings of the IRE,35(12), 1479–1484.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Bode, H. W. (1945). Network analysis and feedback amplifer design. New York: Van Nostrand Company.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Fano, R. M. (1950). Theoretical limitations on the broad-band matching of arbitrary impedances. Journal of the Franklin Institute,249, 57–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Sievenpiper, D. F., et al. (2012). Experimental validation of performance limits and design guidelines for small antennas. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,60(1), 8–19.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  10. Ivanov, N., Buyantuev, B., Turgaliev, V., & Kholodnyak, D. (2016). Non-foster broadband matching networks for electrically-small antennas. In 2016 Loughborough antennas propagation conference (LAPC).

  11. Manoufali, M., Abbosh, A. (2017). Non-Foster impedance matching of an electrically small loop antenna for biomedical telemetry. In IEEE Asia Pacific microwave conference.

  12. Koulouridis, S., Livadaru, M., & Volakis, J. L. (2008). Antenna minimization with active and passive matching circuits. In 2008 IEEE antennas and propagation society international symposium (pp. 1–4).

  13. Foster, R. M. (1924). A reactance theorem. Bell System Technical Journal,3(2), 259–267.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Linvill, J. G. (1953). Transistor negative-impedance converters. Proceedings of the IRE,41(6), 725–729.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Antenna efficiency. Retrieved October 1, 2019 from http://www.antenna-theory.com/basics/efficiency.php.

  16. Brownlie, J. (1966). On the stability properties of a negative impedance converter. IEEE Transactions on Circuit Theory,13(1), 98–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Al Mokdad, S., Lababidi, R., Le Roy, M., Sadek, S., Perennec, A., & Le Jeune, D. (2018). Wide-band active tunable phase shifter using improved non-Foster circuit. In IEEE international conference on electronics, circuits and systems (ICECS).

  18. Ravelo, B., Perennec, A., Le Roy, M., & Boucher, Y. G. (2007). Active microwave circuit with negative group delay. IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters,17(12), 861–863.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Mirzaei, H., & Eleftheriades, G. V. (2013). Realizing non-Foster reactive elements using negative-group-delay networks. In IEEE transactions on microwave theory and techniques (Vol. 61, No. 12, pp. 4322–4332).

  20. Batel, L., Rudant, L., Pintos, J. F., & Mahdjoubi, K. (2017). Réseau d’antennes compact, super directif et large-bande associé aux éléments Non-Foster. France: JNM Saint-Malo.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

Funding was funded by Université de Bretagne Occidentale.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Lab-STICC (UMR CNRS 6285), UBO, ENSTA-Bretagne, Brest, France

    Saadou Almokdad, Raafat Lababidi, Marc Le Roy, André Pérennec & Denis Le Jeune

  2. Doctoral School of Science and Technology, Lebanese University, Hadath, Lebanon

    Saadou Almokdad

  3. Faculty of Technology, Lebanese University, Saida, Lebanon

    Sawsan Sadek

Authors
  1. Saadou Almokdad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Raafat Lababidi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Marc Le Roy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Sawsan Sadek
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. André Pérennec
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Denis Le Jeune
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Saadou Almokdad.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Almokdad, S., Lababidi, R., Le Roy, M. et al. Methodology for broadband matching of electrically small antenna using combined non-Foster and passive networks. Analog Integr Circ Sig Process 104, 251–263 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10470-020-01672-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10470-020-01672-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation