Abstract
During domestication of cereals, the threshability (hulled vs. naked grains) and brittle vs. non-brittle rachis were the most important traits, and man produced a breeding for naked and non-brittle rachis. In wheat, three gene systems that control the non-brittle rachis were identified. One of them is caused by the Btr1 (Non-brittle rachis) genes located in the chromosomes of the 3rd homeologic group. In the framework of this study, the sequences of the 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions and the coding region of the Btr1-A gene were studied for 30 accessions of wild and domesticated diploid wheat species Triticum boeoticum, T. monococcum, T. sinskajae, and T. urartu from Southern Europe, Transcaucasia, and Minor Asia. The Btr1-A gene sequence of T. sinskajae was obtained for the first time. In total, 11 various haplotypes of this gene were identified in the diploid wheat accessions studied, and five of them, namely, Hap12–Hap16, were described for the first time. The variability of T. boeoticum and T. urartu haplotypes, which were not previously described, does not affect the critical substitution at position 355 of the Btr1-A gene (G to A), specific to brittle rachis diploid wheat. The sequence of this gene in T. sinskajae and all T. monococcum accessions was identical to the haplotype Hap9 detected earlier. At position 355 of the Btr1-A gene, this haplotype replaces G with A, which leads to the occurrence of the non-brittle rachis trait. The involvement of diploid species haplotypes, which causes their lack of brittle rachis, in the naked polyploid wheat species is discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
Kimber, G. and Feldman, M., Wild Wheat: an Introduction, Special reports № 363, College of Agriculture, Columbia: University of Missouri, 1987.
Watanabe, N., Sugiyama, K., Yamagishi, Y., and Sakata, Y., Comparative telosomic mapping of homoeologous genes for brittle rachis in tetraploid and hexaploid wheats, Hereditas, 2002, vol. 137, pp. 180—185. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1601-5223.2002.01609.x
Li, W. and Gill, B.S., Multiple genetic pathways for seed shattering in the grasses, Funct. Integr. Genomics, 2006, vol. 6, pp. 300—309. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10142-005-0015-y
Dorofeev, V.F., Filatenko, A.A., Migushova, E.F., et al., Pshenitsa (Wheat), Leningrad: Kolos, 1979.
Zhang, Z., Belcram, H., Gornicki, P., et al., Duplication and partitioning in evolution and function of homoeologous Q loci governing domestication characters in polyploid wheat, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 2011, vol. 108, pp. 18737—18742. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1110552108
Simons, K.J., Fellers, J.P., Trick, H.N., et al., Molecular characterization of the major wheat domestication gene Q,Genetics, 2006, vol. 172, pp. 547—555. https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.105.044727
Sormacheva, I., Golovnina, K., Vavilova, V., et al., Q gene variability in wheat species with different spike morphology, Genet. Resour. Crop Evol., 2015, vol. 62, pp. 837—852. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-014-0195-1
Sharma, J.S., Running, K.L.D., Xu, S.S., et al., Genetic analysis of threshability and other spike traits in the evolution of cultivated emmer to fully domesticated durum wheat, Mol. Genet. Genomics, 2019, vol. 294, pp. 757—771. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00438-019-01544-0
Pourkheirandish, M., Dai, F., Sakuma, S., et al., On the origin of the non-brittle rachis trait of domesticated einkorn wheat, Front. Plant Sci., 2018, vol. 8, p. 2031. eCollection 2017https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.02031
Zhao, Y., Xie, P., Guan, P., et al., Btr1-A induces grain shattering and affects spike morphology and yield-related traits in wheat, Plant Cell Physiol., 2019, vol. 60, no. 6, pp. 1342—1353. https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcz050
Sood, S., Kuraparthy, V., Bai, G., and Gill, B.S., The major threshability genes soft glume (sog) and tenacious glume (Tg), of diploid and polyploid wheat, trace their origin to independent mutations at non-orthologous loci, Theor. Appl. Genet., 2009, vol. 119, pp. 341—351. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-009-1043-0
Nalam, V., Vales, M.I., Watson, C.J.W., et al., Map based analysis of genetic loci on chromosome 2D that affect glume tenacity and threshability, components of the free-threshing habit in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), Theor. Appl. Genet., 2007, vol. 116, pp. 135—145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-007-0653-7
Goncharov, N.P., Kondratenko, E.J., Bannikova, S.V., et al., Comparative genetic analysis of diploid naked wheat Triticum sinskajae and the progenitor T. monococcum accession, Russ. J. Genet., 2007, vol. 43, pp. 1248—1256. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1022795407110075
Vavilova, V., Konopatskaia, I., and Goncharov, N.P., Non-brittle rachis 1-A (Btr1-A) gene in di- and hexaploid wheat species, Plant Breeding in the 21st Century, pp. 202—214. https://doi.org/10.18699/ICG-PlantGen2019-65
Edgar, R.C., MUSCLE: multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput, Nucleic Acids Res., 2004, vol. 32, pp. 1792—1797. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkh340
Larsson, A., AliView: a fast and lightweight alignment viewer and editor for large datasets, Bioinformatics, 2014, vol. 30, no. 22, pp. 3276—3278. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btu531
Nguyen, L.T., Schmidt, H.A., von Haeseler, A., and Minh, B.Q., IQ-TREE: a fast and effective stochastic algorithm for estimating maximum-likelihood phylogenies, Mol. Biol. Evol., 2015, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 268—274. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msu300
Funding
This study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation, grant no. 16-16-10021.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
The authors declare no conflict of interest. This paper contains no studies that use people or animals as objects.
Additional information
Translated by M. Bibov
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Vavilova, V.Y., Konopatskaia, I.D., Blinov, A.G. et al. Evolution of Btr1-А Gene in Diploid Wheat Species of the Genus Triticum L.. Russ J Genet 56, 633–637 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1022795420050142
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1022795420050142