Advances in membranes and membrane reactors for the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis process for biofuel production

References

Aoki K, Kusakabe K, Morooka S. Separation of gases with an A-type zeolite membrane. Ind Eng Chem Res 2000; 39: 2245–2251.10.1021/ie990902cSearch in Google Scholar

Arratibel Plazaola A, Pacheco Tanaka DA, Van Sint Annaland M, Gallucci F. Recent advances in Pd-based membranes for membrane reactors. Molecules 2017; 22: 51.10.3390/molecules22010051Search in Google Scholar

Atkinson D. Fischer-Tropsch reactors for biofuels production: new technology needed! Biofuels Bioprod Biorefin 2010; 4: 12–16.10.1002/bbb.201Search in Google Scholar

Bartholomew CH. Mechanisms of catalyst deactivation. Appl Catal A Gen 2001; 212: 17–60.10.1016/S0926-860X(00)00843-7Search in Google Scholar

Bartholomew CH, Farrauto RJ. Fischer Tropsch synthesis. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2006: 398–472.Search in Google Scholar

Bartholomew CH, Farrauto RJ. Fundamentals of industrial catalytic processes. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, 2011.Search in Google Scholar

Boyer C, Gazarian J, Lecocq V, Maury S, Forret A, Schweitzer JM, Souchon V. Development of the Fischer-Tropsch process: from the reaction concept to the process book. Oil Gas Sci Technol 2016; 71: 44.10.2516/ogst/2015032Search in Google Scholar

Bradford MCJ, Te M, Pollack A. Monolith loop catalytic membrane reactor for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. Appl Catal A Gen 2005; 283: 39–46.10.1016/j.apcata.2004.12.032Search in Google Scholar

Brandberg Å, Hjortsberg H, Saevbark B, Ekbom T, Hjerpe C-J, Landaelv I. BioMeeT – planning of biomass based methanol energy combine – Trollhättan region – Final report. Ecotraffic R&D AB. Available at: https://www.osti.gov/etdeweb/servlets/purl/20086721 (accessed: October 2019), 2000.Search in Google Scholar

Bridgwater AV. The technical and economic feasibility of biomass gasification for power generation. Fuel 1995; 74: 631–653.10.1016/0016-2361(95)00001-LSearch in Google Scholar

Carballo JMG, Yang J, Holmen A, García-Rodríguez S, Rojas S, Ojeda M, Fierro JLG. Catalytic effects of ruthenium particle size on the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. J Catal 2011; 284: 102–108.10.1016/j.jcat.2011.09.008Search in Google Scholar

Dahmen N, Dinjus E, Kolb T, Arnold U, Leibold H, Stahl R. State of the art of the bioliq^® process for synthetic biofuels production. Environ Prog Sustain Energy 2012; 31: 176–181.10.1002/ep.10624Search in Google Scholar

De Klerk A. Environmentally friendly refining: Fischer-Tropsch versus crude oil. Green Chem 2007; 9: 560–565.10.1039/B614187KSearch in Google Scholar

De Klerk A. Fischer-Tropsch fuels refinery design. Energy Environ Sci 2011; 4: 1177–1205.10.1039/c0ee00692kSearch in Google Scholar

De Klerk A, Maitlis PM. What can we do with Fischer-Tropsch products? Greener Fischer-Tropsch Processes for Fuels and Feedstocks. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2013: 81–105.10.1002/9783527656837.ch4Search in Google Scholar

Den Breejen JP, Radstake PB, Bezemer GL, Bitter JH, Frøseth V, Holmen A, De Jong KP. On the origin of the cobalt particle size effects in Fischer-Tropsch catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131: 7197–7203.10.1021/ja901006xSearch in Google Scholar

Deshmukh SR, Tonkovich ALY, Jarosch KT, Schrader L, Fitzgerald SP, Kilanowski DR, Lerou JJ, Mazanec TJ. Scale-up of microchannel reactors for Fischer−Tropsch synthesis. Ind Eng Chem Res 2010; 49: 10883–10888.10.1021/ie100518uSearch in Google Scholar

Deshmukh SR, Tonkovich ALY, McDaniel JS, Schrader LD, Burton CD, Jarosch KT, Simpson AM, Kilanowski DR, LeViness S. Enabling cellulosic diesel with microchannel technology. Biofuels 2011; 2: 315–324.10.4155/bfs.11.17Search in Google Scholar

Dry ME. The Fischer-Tropsch process: 1950–2000. Catal Today 2002; 71: 227–241.10.1016/S0920-5861(01)00453-9Search in Google Scholar

Eichenauer W. FA Lewis: The Palladium Hydrogen System. Academic Press, London and New York 1967. 178 Seiten, 87 Abbildungen. Preis: 45 s. Ber Bunsen Phys Chem 1967; 71: 1160–1161.10.1002/bbpc.19670710933Search in Google Scholar

Ekbom T, Lindblom M, Berglin N, Ahlvik P. Technical and commercial feasibility study of black liquor gasification with methanol/DME production as motor fuels for automotive uses – BLGMF. Nykomb Synergetics AB, Chemrec, Volvo, Ecotraffic, OKQ8, STFi, 2003.Search in Google Scholar

Elekaei H, Forghani AA, Rahimpour MR. A comparative study of two H2-redistribution strategies along the FT reactor using H2-permselective membrane. Int J Energy Res 2011; 35: 321–335.10.1002/er.1693Search in Google Scholar

Espinoza RL, Du Toit E, Santamaria J, Menendez M, Coronas J, Irusta S. Use of membranes in Fischer-Tropsch reactors. Stud Surf Sci Catal 2000; 130: 389–394.10.1016/S0167-2991(00)80988-XSearch in Google Scholar

Espinoza RL, Santamaria JM, Menendez MA, Coronas J, Irusta S. Production of hydrocarbons, Google Patents, 2002.Search in Google Scholar

Fernandez E, Medrano JA, Melendez J, Parco M, Viviente JL, van Sint Annaland M, Gallucci F, Tanaka DAP. Preparation and characterization of metallic supported thin Pd–Ag membranes for hydrogen separation. Chem Eng J 2016; 305: 182–190.10.1016/j.cej.2015.09.119Search in Google Scholar

Fischer F, Tropsch H. The preparation of synthetic oil mixtures (synthol) from carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Brennstoff-Chem 1923; 4: 276–285.Search in Google Scholar

Fischer N, Clapham B, Feltes T, van Steen E, Claeys M. Size-dependent phase transformation of catalytically active nanoparticles captured in situ. Angew Chem Int Ed 2014; 53: 1342–1345.10.1002/anie.201306899Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Flach B, Lieberz S, Rondon M, Williams B, Teiken C. EU biofuels annual 2015 NL5028. Washington, DC: Global Agricultural Information Network, 2015.Search in Google Scholar

Forghani AA, Elekaei H, Rahimpour MR. Enhancement of gasoline production in a novel hydrogen-permselective membrane reactor in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis of GTL technology. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2009; 34: 3965–3976.10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.02.038Search in Google Scholar

Foscolo PU. The unique project – integration of gasifier with gas cleaning and conditioning system. Sweden: International Seminar on Gasification, 2012.Search in Google Scholar

Fritsch D, Randjelovic I, Keil F. Application of a forced-flow catalytic membrane reactor for the dimerisation of isobutene. Catal Today 2004; 98: 295–308.10.1016/j.cattod.2004.07.043Search in Google Scholar

Gallucci F, Fernandez E, Corengia P, van Sint Annaland M. Recent advances on membranes and membrane reactors for hydrogen production. Chem Eng Sci 2013; 92: 40–66.10.1016/j.ces.2013.01.008Search in Google Scholar

Gallucci F, Annaland MVS, Gallucci K, Foscolo PU. Bioenergy – intensified biomass utilization. In: Gallucci F, Van Sint Annaland M, editors. Process intensification for sustainable energy conversion. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, 2015: 3839–3386.10.1002/9781118449394Search in Google Scholar

Ghareghashi A, Ghader S, Hashemipour H. Theoretical analysis of oxidative coupling of methane and Fischer Tropsch synthesis in two consecutive reactors: comparison of fixed bed and membrane reactor. J Ind Eng Chem 2013a; 19: 1811–1826.10.1016/j.jiec.2013.02.025Search in Google Scholar

Ghareghashi A, Ghader S, Hashemipour H, Moghadam HR. A comparison of co-current and counter-current modes for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis in two consecutive reactors of oxidative coupling of methane and Fischer-Tropsch. J Nat Gas Sci Eng 2013b; 14: 1–16.10.1016/j.jngse.2013.04.002Search in Google Scholar

Gill SS, Tsolakis A, Dearn KD, Rodríguez-Fernández J. Combustion characteristics and emissions of Fischer-Tropsch diesel fuels in IC engines. Prog Energy Combust Sci 2011; 37: 503–523.10.1016/j.pecs.2010.09.001Search in Google Scholar

González Carballo JM, Finocchio E, García S, Rojas S, Ojeda M, Busca G, Fierro JLG. Support effects on the structure and performance of ruthenium catalysts for the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. Catal Sci Technol 2011; 1: 1013–1023.10.1039/c1cy00136aSearch in Google Scholar

Gorbe J, Lasobras J, Francés E, Herguido J, Menéndez M, Kumakiri I, Kita H. Preliminary study on the feasibility of using a zeolite A membrane in a membrane reactor for methanol production. Separat Purific Technol 2018; 200: 164–168.10.1016/j.seppur.2018.02.036Search in Google Scholar

Guettel R, Kunz U, Turek T. Reactors for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. Chem Eng Technol 2008; 31: 746–754.10.1002/ceat.200800023Search in Google Scholar

Guillou L, Léonard S, Le Courtois V, Payen E, Vanhove D. Membrane reactors for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, Proc. ICCMR-6, July 6–9, Lahnstein. 2004.Search in Google Scholar

Hofbauer H, Knoef H. Success stories in biomass gasification. Handbook on biomass gasification. In: Knoef H, editor. BTG Biomass Technology Group BV. Enschede, The Netherlands. 2005: 115–161.Search in Google Scholar

Hashim SM, Mohamed AR, Bhatia S. Catalytic inorganic membrane reactors: present research and future prospects. Rev Chem Eng 2011; 27: 157–178.10.1515/REVCE.2011.005Search in Google Scholar

Henis JMS, Tripodi MK. Composite hollow fiber membranes for gas separation: the resistance model approach. J Membr Sci 1981; 8: 233–246.10.1007/978-1-4613-3371-5_6Search in Google Scholar

Herranz T, Rojas S, Pérez-Alonso FJ, Ojeda M, Terreros P, Fierro JLG. Genesis of iron carbides and their role in the synthesis of hydrocarbons from synthesis gas. J Catal 2006; 243: 199–211.10.1016/j.jcat.2006.07.012Search in Google Scholar

Hsieh HP. Inorganic membrane reactors. Catal Rev 1991; 33: 1–2, 1–70.10.1080/01614949108020296Search in Google Scholar

Iglesia E, Soled SL, Fiato RA. Fischer-Tropsch synthesis on cobalt and ruthenium. Metal dispersion and support effects on reaction rate and selectivity. J Catal 1992; 137: 212–224.10.1016/0021-9517(92)90150-GSearch in Google Scholar

Ismail AF, David LIB. A review on the latest development of carbon membranes for gas separation. J Membr Sci 2001; 193: 1–18.10.1016/S0376-7388(01)00510-5Search in Google Scholar

Jarosch K, Yang B, Fitzgerald S, Taha R, Mazanec T, Tonkovich A. Reduced complexity in the representation of Fischer-Tropsch chemistry. Prepr Pap Am Chem Soc Div Fuel Chem 2008; 53: 1–2.Search in Google Scholar

Jess A, Kern C. Modeling of multi-tubular reactors for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. Chem Eng Technol 2009; 32: 1164–1175.10.1002/ceat.200900131Search in Google Scholar

Kaidi (n.d.). Available at: http://www.kaidi.fi/english.Search in Google Scholar

Khassin AA. Catalytic membrane reactor for conversion of syngas to liquid hydrocarbons. Energeia 2005; 16: 1–3.Search in Google Scholar

Khassin AA, Sipatrov AG, Yurieva TM, Chermashentseva GK, Rudina NA, Parmon VN. Performance of a catalytic membrane reactor for the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. Catal Today 2005; 105: 362–366.10.1016/j.cattod.2005.06.031Search in Google Scholar

Kosinov N, Gascon J, Kapteijn F, Hensen EJM. Recent developments in zeolite membranes for gas separation. J Membr Sci 2016; 499: 65–79.10.1016/j.memsci.2015.10.049Search in Google Scholar

Lappas AA, Iatridis DK, Vasalos IA. Production of liquid biofuels in a fluid catalytic cracking pilot-plant unit using waxes produced from a biomass-to-liquid (BTL) process. Ind Eng Chem Res 2011; 50: 531–538.10.1021/ie100200uSearch in Google Scholar

Lin Y-C, Lee W-J, Wu T-S, Wang C-T. Comparison of PAH and regulated harmful matter emissions from biodiesel blends and paraffinic fuel blends on engine accumulated mileage test. Fuel 2006; 85: 2516–2523.10.1016/j.fuel.2006.04.023Search in Google Scholar

Liuzzi D, Pérez Alonso F, Fierro JLG, Rojas S, van Wijk F, Roghair I, Annaland MVS, Fernandez E, Viviente J, Tanaka DAP. Catalytic membrane reactor for the production of biofuels. Catal Today 2016a; 268: 37–45.10.1016/j.cattod.2015.11.014Search in Google Scholar

Liuzzi D, Pérez Alonso F, García García FJ, Calle Vallejo F, Fierro JLG, Rojas S. Identifying the time-dependent predominance regimes of step and terrace sites for the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis on ruthenium based catalysts. Catal Sci Technol 2016b; 6: 6495–6503.10.1039/C6CY00476HSearch in Google Scholar

Llosa Tanco MA, Pacheco Tanaka DA. Recent advances on carbon molecular sieve membranes (CMSMs) and reactors. Processes 2016; 4: 29.10.3390/pr4030029Search in Google Scholar

Llosa Tanco MA, Pacheco Tanaka DA, Mendes A. Composite-alumina-carbon molecular sieve membranes prepared from novolac resin and boehmite. Part II: effect of the carbonization temperature on the gas permeation properties. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2015a; 40: 3485–3496.10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.11.025Search in Google Scholar

Llosa Tanco MAL, Pacheco Tanaka DA, Rodrigues SC, Texeira M, Mendes A. Composite-alumina-carbon molecular sieve membranes prepared from novolac resin and boehmite. Part I: preparation, characterization and gas permeation studies. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2015b; 40: 5653–5663.10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.02.112Search in Google Scholar

Lødeng R, Hannevold L, Bergem H, Stöcker M. Catalytic hydrotreatment of bio-oils for high-quality fuel production. In: Triantafyllidis KS, Lappas AA, Stöcker M, editors. The role of catalysis for the sustainable production of bio-fuels and bio-chemicals. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier, 2013: 351–396.10.1016/B978-0-444-56330-9.00011-5Search in Google Scholar

Lu Y, Lee T. Influence of the feed gas composition on the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis in commercial operations. J Nat Gas Chem 2007; 16: 329–341.10.1016/S1003-9953(08)60001-8Search in Google Scholar

Maitlis PM, de Klerk A. New directions, challenges, and opportunities. Greener Fischer-Tropsch Processes for Fuels and Feedstocks. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2013: 337–358.10.1002/9783527656837.ch16Search in Google Scholar

MALTA Project (n.d.). Available at: https://www.maltaproiektua.es/.Search in Google Scholar

Mardilovich PP, She Y, Ma YH, Rei MH. Defect-free palladium membranes on porous stainless-steel support. AIChe J 1998; 44: 310–322.10.1002/aic.690440209Search in Google Scholar

Mukkavilli S, Wittmann CV, Tavlarides LL. Carbon deactivation of Fischer-Tropsch ruthenium catalyst. Ind Eng Chem Process Des Dev 1986; 25: 487–494.10.1021/i200033a023Search in Google Scholar

Müller-Langer F, Gröngröft A, Majer S, O’Keeffe S, Klemm M. Options for biofuel production – status and perspectives. In: Stolten D, Scherer V, editors. Transition to renewable energy systems. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2013: 523–553.10.1002/9783527673872.ch26Search in Google Scholar

Murmura MA, Sheintuch M. Permeance inhibition of Pd-based membranes by competitive adsorption of CO: membrane size effects and first principles predictions. Chem Eng J 2018; 347: 301–312.10.1016/j.cej.2018.04.072Search in Google Scholar

Nacken M, Ma L, Heidenreich S, Baron GV. Performance of a catalytically activated ceramic hot gas filter for catalytic tar removal from biomass gasification gas. Appl Catal B Environ 2009; 88: 292–298.10.1016/j.apcatb.2008.11.011Search in Google Scholar

Najafi BF, Kibby CL, Song SX, Chinn D. Membrane reactor with in-situ dehydration and method for using the same. Google Patents, 2009.Search in Google Scholar

Ogunkoya D, Fang T. Engine performance, combustion, and emissions study of biomass to liquid fuel in a compression-ignition engine. Energy Convers Manage 2015; 95: 342–351.10.1016/j.enconman.2015.02.041Search in Google Scholar

Okamoto K-I, Kawamura S, Yoshino M, Kita H, Hirayama Y, Tanihara N, Kusuki Y. Olefin/paraffin separation through carbonized membranes derived from an asymmetric polyimide hollow fiber membrane. Ind Eng Chem Res 1999; 38: 4424–4432.10.1021/ie990209pSearch in Google Scholar

Okazaki J, Tanaka DAP, Tanco MAL, Wakui Y, Mizukami F, Suzuki TM. Hydrogen permeability study of the thin Pd–Ag alloy membranes in the temperature range across the α–β phase transition. J Membr Sci 2006; 282: 370–374.10.1016/j.memsci.2006.05.042Search in Google Scholar

Peters T, Caravella A. Pd-based membranes: overview and perspectives. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI – Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 2019.10.3390/membranes9020025Search in Google Scholar

Peters TA, Stange M, Veenstra P, Nijmeijer A, Bredesen R. The performance of Pd–Ag alloy membrane films under exposure to trace amounts of H₂S. J Membr Sci 2016; 499: 105–115.10.1016/j.memsci.2015.10.031Search in Google Scholar

Ptasinski KJ. Efficiency of biomass energy: an exergy approach to biofuels, power, and biorefineries. New York: Wiley, 2016.10.1002/9781119118169Search in Google Scholar

Rabou LPLM, Zwart RWR, Vreugdenhil BJ, Bos L. Tar in biomass producer gas, the Energy research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN) experience: an enduring challenge. Energy Fuels 2009; 23: 6189–6198.10.1021/ef9007032Search in Google Scholar

Rafati M, Wang L, Dayton DC, Schimmel K, Kabadi V, Shahbazi A. Techno-economic analysis of production of Fischer-Tropsch liquids via biomass gasification: the effects of Fischer-Tropsch catalysts and natural gas co-feeding. Energy Convers Manage 2017; 133: 153–166.10.1016/j.enconman.2016.11.051Search in Google Scholar

Rahimpour MR, Elekaei H. A comparative study of combination of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactors with hydrogen-permselective membrane in GTL technology. Fuel Process Technol 2009; 90: 747–761.10.1016/j.fuproc.2009.02.011Search in Google Scholar

Rahimpour MR, Mirvakili A, Paymooni K. A novel water perm-selective membrane dual-type reactor concept for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis of GTL (gas to liquid) technology. Energy 2011; 36: 1223–1235.10.1016/j.energy.2010.11.023Search in Google Scholar

Rahimpour MR, Samimi F, Babapoor A, Tohidian T, Mohebi S. Palladium membranes applications in reaction systems for hydrogen separation and purification: a review. Chem Eng Process Process Intensific 2017; 121: 24–49.10.1016/j.cep.2017.07.021Search in Google Scholar

Rapagnà S, Jand N, Kiennemann A, Foscolo PU. Steam-gasification of biomass in a fluidised-bed of olivine particles. Biomass Bioenergy 2000; 19: 187–197.10.1016/S0961-9534(00)00031-3Search in Google Scholar

Rohde MP. In-situ H₂O removal via hydrophilic membranes during Fischer-Tropsch and other fuel related synthesis reactions. Karlsruhe, Germany: KIT Scientific Publishing, 2011.Search in Google Scholar

Rohde MP, Unruh D, Schaub G. Membrane application in Fischer−Tropsch synthesis to enhance CO₂ hydrogenation. Ind Eng Chem Res 2005a; 44: 9653–9658.10.1021/ie050289zSearch in Google Scholar

Rohde MP, Unruh D, Schaub G. Membrane application in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactors – overview of concepts. Catal Today 2005b; 106: 143–148.10.1016/j.cattod.2005.07.124Search in Google Scholar

Ronde MP, Schaub G, Vente JF, Van Veen HM. Fischer-Tropsch synthesis with in-situ H₂O removal by a new hydrophilic membrane – an experimental and modelling study. DGMK, Tagungsbericht, 2006.Search in Google Scholar

Saeidi S, Amin NAS, Rahimpour MR. Hydrogenation of CO₂ to value-added products – a review and potential future developments. J CO₂ Utiliz 2014a; 5: 66–81.10.1016/j.jcou.2013.12.005Search in Google Scholar

Saeidi S, Amiri MT, Amin NAS, Rahimpour MR. Progress in reactors for high-temperature Fischer-Tropsch process: determination place of intensifier reactor perspective. Int J Chem Reactor Eng 2014b; 12: 639–664.10.1515/ijcre-2014-0045Search in Google Scholar

Saeidi S, Nikoo MK, Mirvakili A, Bahrani S, Amin NAS, Rahimpour MR. Recent advances in reactors for low-temperature Fischer-Tropsch synthesis: process intensification perspective. Rev Chem Eng 2015; 31: 209–238.10.1515/revce-2014-0042Search in Google Scholar

Salleh WNW, Ismail AF. Carbon membranes for gas separation processes: recent progress and future perspective. J Membr Sci Res 2015; 1: 2–15.Search in Google Scholar

Salomón MA, Coronas J, Menéndez M, Santamaría J. Synthesis of MTBE in zeolite membrane reactors. Appl Catal A Gen 2000; 200: 201–210.10.1016/S0926-860X(00)00640-2Search in Google Scholar

Steynberg AP, Dry ME. Fischer-Tropsch technology. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2004.10.1016/S0167-2991(04)80459-2Search in Google Scholar

Storsæter S, Borg Ø, Blekkan EA, Holmen A. Study of the effect of water on Fischer-Tropsch synthesis over supported cobalt catalysts. J Catal 2005; 231: 405–419.10.1016/j.jcat.2005.01.036Search in Google Scholar

Swain PK, Das LM, Naik SN. Biomass to liquid: a prospective challenge to research and development in 21st century. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2011; 15: 4917–4933.10.1016/j.rser.2011.07.061Search in Google Scholar

Teixeira M, Campo MC, Tanaka DAP, Tanco MAL, Magen C, Mendes A. Composite phenolic resin-based carbon molecular sieve membranes for gas separation. Carbon 2011; 49: 4348–4358.10.1016/j.carbon.2011.06.012Search in Google Scholar

Teixeira M, Campo M, Tanaka DA, Tanco MA, Magen C, Mendes A. Carbon–Al₂O₃–Ag composite molecular sieve membranes for gas separation. Chem Eng Res Design 2012; 90: 2338–2345.10.1016/j.cherd.2012.05.016Search in Google Scholar

Tosti S, Basile A, Bettinali L, Borgognoni F, Gallucci F, Rizzello C. Design and process study of Pd membrane reactors. Int J Hydrogen Energy 2008; 33: 5098–5105.10.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.05.031Search in Google Scholar

Triantafyllidis K, Lappas A, Stöcker M, Elsevier BV, editors. The role of catalysis for the sustainable production of bio-fuels and bio-chemicals. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Newnes, 2013.Search in Google Scholar

Tsakoumis NE, Walmsley JC, Rønning M, van Beek W, Rytter E, Holmen A. Evaluation of reoxidation thresholds for γ-Al₂O₃-supported cobalt catalysts under Fischer-Tropsch synthesis conditions. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139: 3706–3715.10.1021/jacs.6b11872Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Unruh D, Pabst K, Schaub G. Fischer−Tropsch synfuels from biomass: maximizing carbon efficiency and hydrocarbon yield. Energy Fuels 2010; 24: 2634–2641.10.1021/ef9009185Search in Google Scholar

Velocys – Biorefineries (n.d.). Available at: https://www.velocys.com/projects/bayou-fuels/.Search in Google Scholar

Wolf M, Kotzé H, Fischer N, Claeys M. Size dependent stability of cobalt nanoparticles on silica under high conversion Fischer-Tropsch environment. Faraday Discuss 2017; 197: 243–268.10.1039/C6FD00200ESearch in Google Scholar PubMed

Xu L, Rungta M, Brayden MK, Martinez MV, Stears BA, Barbay GA, Koros WJ. Olefins-selective asymmetric carbon molecular sieve hollow fiber membranes for hybrid membrane-distillation processes for olefin/paraffin separations. J Membr Sci 2012; 423: 314–323.10.1016/j.memsci.2012.08.028Search in Google Scholar

Xu J, Yang Y, Li Y-W. Recent development in converting coal to clean fuels in China. Fuel 2015; 152: 122–130.10.1016/j.fuel.2014.11.059Search in Google Scholar

Yun S, Oyama ST. Correlations in palladium membranes for hydrogen separation: a review. J Membr Sci 2011; 375: 28–45.10.1016/j.memsci.2011.03.057Search in Google Scholar

Zennaro R, Ricci M, Bua L, Querci C, Carnelli L, d’Arminio Monforte A. Syngas: the basis of Fischer-Tropsch. Greener Fischer-Tropsch Processes for Fuels and Feedstocks. Weinheim, German: Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2013: 17–51.10.1002/9783527656837.ch2Search in Google Scholar