Abstract
Ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) was performed to extract the total phenolic compounds from avocado (Persea americana Mill. var. Drymifolia; Lauraceae) leaves with different electric powers (UAE 0%, UAE 60%, and UAE 100%) and extraction times. Ultrasonic extraction parameters were optimized by using a mathematical model made by stepwise regression (SWR) for the determination of the maximum total phenolic content (TPC) and their antioxidant activity. Moreover, TPC extraction was modeled applying heterogeneous models to elucidate the involved mechanisms phenomena that determine the extraction rates. Optimization results found that the maximum value of TPC reached 48,732 mg GAE/100 g D.M. at 84.5% electric power and 29.7 min of extraction, which was superior to 0% electric power UAE. It was also found that the ultrasound causes the degradation of phenolic compounds, whereas the final extraction yield of TPC increases and their antioxidant activity decreased with the increase of ultrasound electric power. Proposed models gave a satisfactory quality of fit data using a second-order reaction for the degradation kinetics of TPC under ultrasound application. The estimated effective diffusivity values were in a range from 1.3889 × 10−11 m2/s to 2.2128 × 10−11 m2/s for the UAE 0% and UAE 100%, respectively. UAE significantly increased the extraction yield through the enhancement of the effective diffusivity, demonstrating that it is a promising technology to extract phenolic substances from avocado leaves.
Funding source: Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Estudios de Posgrado (VIEP-BUAP)
- Nomenclature
- av
mass transfer area per unit volume of the particle (1/cm)
observed concentration in the fluid phase (mg/cm3)
concentration of PCs in the fluid phase (mg/cm3)
concentration of PCs in the particle (mg/cm3)
initial concentration of PCs in the particle (mg/cm3)
apparent diffusion coefficient of the particle (cm2/s)
kinetic constant of reaction (mg1−mcm3m−3s−1)
mass transfer coefficient at the interface (cm/s)
- m
reaction order
- MRE
mean relative error (%)
- n
number of experimental data points used for the model fitting
number of observations
- P
electric power (%)
radial position within the particle (cm)
- R2adj
adjusted coefficient of determination
- Sy
standard deviation for the sample
- Syx
standard deviation for the model estimations
time (s, min)
- y*
experimental values
- y
estimated values for TPC, ABTS, FRAP using SWR models
- β
parameters of SWR model
porosity or void fraction of the batch system
porosity of the particle
optimal parameters vector
Author contribution: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
Research funding: The authors acknowledge the financial support from the Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Estudios de Posgrado (VIEP-BUAP) through the “Programa Institucional para la Consolidación de los Cuerpos Académicos y Conformación de Redes de Investigación.”
Employment or leadership: None declared.
Honorarium: None declared.
Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding this article.
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