Abstract
To eliminate the problems like brittle material characteristics, low crack resistivity, low tensile strength values, late curing time and rebound problems of shotcrete liners, high density polyurethane rigid foams (PRF) were investigated as an alternative liner support material in this experimental and numerical study. Its rapid polymerization makes the PRF liners be able to supply support pressure in very early times in comparison with the shotcrete liners. Some fundamental tests were carried out to determine some support performance properties of a high-density PRF product with the foam density of 180 kg/m3. Additionally, a pilot PRF liner spraying application was practiced in an underground mine to investigate whether its application is advantageous in terms of eliminating the problems of shotcrete applications. In the field study, PRF liners were comparatively investigated with the shotcrete liner sprayed in the mine. Within the numerical part of this study, a series of finite element analyses were performed to investigate support performances of the PRF liners. According to the results of both experimental and numerical analyses, high density PRF liners were found to have proper load bearing capacities as a new liner support material, and the PRF liners were assessed to be a strong candidate to be popular in rock engineering. The findings from this study are promotive for new investigations to better understand support properties of the PRF liners for improving effectiveness of their systematic use.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aksoy CO, Ogul K, Topal I, Ozer SC, Ozacar V, Posluk E (2012) Numerical modeling of non-deformable support in swelling and squeezing rock. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 52:61–70
Aksoy CO, Ogul K, Topal I, Posluk E, Gicir A, Kucuk K, Uyar Aldas G (2014) Reducing deformation effect of tunnel with non-deformable support system by jointed rock mass model. Tunn Undergr Sp Tech 40:218–227
Aksoy CO, Uyar GG, Posluk E, Ogul K, Topal I, Kucuk K (2016) Non-deformable support system application at tunnel-34 of Ankara-Istanbul high speed railway project. Struct Eng Mech 58:869–886
Archibald JF (2004) Canadian laboratory and field testing. In: Potvin Y, Stacey TR, Hadjigeorgiou J (eds) Surface support in mining, Australian centre for geomechanics, pp 135–139
Archibald JF, Degagne DO (2001) Spray-on lining Support in Canadian underground mining - a reseach summary. Can Min Metall Bull 94:49–56
Archibald JF, Dirige PA (2006) Thin Spray-On Lining Applications for Rockburst, Blast and Fire Damage Mitigation. In: Proceedings of the 41st U.S. Symposium on Rock Mechanics (USRMS), Golden, Colorado, Proc. number: 06-1005
BASF (2009) Solutions for tunnelling and mining injections, Broschure of injection products. Zurich
Boeg-Jensen P (2013) Managing the engineering, health and safety aspects of thin spray-on liner application. Master of Science in Engineering Technology Natural Resources Engineering, Lulea Technical University of Technology, Lulea, Sweden
Bomberg MT, Lstiburek JW (1998) Spray polyurethane foam in external envelopes of buildings. CRC Press
Daniel H (1925) He Killed a Leopard with His Hands. Pop Sci 107:18–20
Dehkordi MS, Shahriar K, Moarefvand P, Gharouninik M (2013) Application of the strain energy to estimate the rock load in squeezing ground condition of Eamzade Hashem tunnel in Iran. Arab J Geosci 6:1241–1248
Ghadimi M, Shahriar K, Jalalifar H (2016) Study of fully grouted rock bolt in Tabas coal mine using numerical and instrumentation methods. Arab J Sci Eng 41:2305–2313
Guan SW, Liu D, Moreno M, Garneau R (2004) 100% solids rigid polyurethane coatings technology for corrosion protection of ballast tanks. In: Proceedings of CORROSION 2004, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, March
Hoek E (2001) Big Tunnels in Bad Rock. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 127:726–740
Jiang H, Lin-ming D, An-ye C, Si-yuan G, Jian-wei L (2012) Rock burst induced by roof breakage and its prevention. J Cent South Univ 19:1086–1091
Komurlu E, Kesimal A (2012a) Investigation of polyurethane reinforced soil strength. In: Proceedings of XIVth National Soil Mechanincs and Foundation Engineering Congress of Turkey, Isparta, Turkey, pp 631–642
Komurlu E, Kesimal A (2012b) Using sprayed polymer as tunnel support. In: Proceedings of 7th Asian Rock Mechanics Symposium, Seoul, South Korea, pp 1486–1499
Komurlu E, Kesimal A (2012c) New engineering materials for underground constructions, In: Proceedings of 16th International Metallurgy and Materials Congress, Istanbul, Turkey, pp 307–319
Komurlu E, Kesimal A (2013) Tunnelling and support materials from past to present. Sci Min J 52:33–47
Komurlu E, Kesimal A (2015a) Experimental study of polyurethane foam reinforced soil used as a rock-like material. J Rock Mech Geotech Eng 7:566–572
Komurlu E, Kesimal A (2015b) Sulfide-rich mine tailings usage for short-term support purposes: An experimental study on paste backfill barricades. Geomech Eng 9:195–205
Komurlu E, Kesimal A (2015c) Improved performance of rock bolts using sprayed polyurea coating. Rock Mech Rock Eng 48:2179–2182
Komurlu E, Kesimal A (2017a) Thin spray-on liners (TSL) usability for Akarsen underground mine in Murgul. In: Proceedings of 25th International Congress and Exhibition of Turkey (IMCET 2017), Antalya, Turkey, April, pp 89–104
Komurlu E, Kesimal A (2017b) Experimental study on usability of friction rock bolts with plastic body. Int J Geomech 17(9):Paper no: 04017058
Komurlu E, Kesimal A, Hasanpour R (2015) In situ horizontal stress effect on plastic zone around circular underground openings excavated in elastic zones. Geomech Eng 8:783–799
Kovari K (2003a) History of the sprayed concrete lining method-part I: milestones up to the 1960s. Tunn Undergr Sp Tech 18:57–69
Kovari K (2003b) History of the sprayed concrete lining method-part II: milestones up to the 1960s. Tunn Undergr Sp Tech 18:71–83
Li CC, Stjern G, Myrvang A (2014) A review on the performance of conventional and energy-absorbing rockbolts. J Rock Mech Geotech Eng 6:315–327
Li Z, Nocelli B, Saydam S (2017) Effect of rock strength and surface roughness on adhesion strength of thin spray-on liners. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 91:195–202
Liu Z, Cao A, Zhu G, Wang C (2017) Numerical simulation and engineering practice for optimal parameters of deep-hole blasting in sidewalls of roadway. Arab J Sci Eng 42:3809–3818
Liu H, Yu B, Liu J, Wang T (2019) Investigation of impact rock burst induced by energy released from hard rock fractures. Arab J Geosci 12:381
Ma ZQ, Jiang YD, Liu Y, Du WS, Kong DZ (2018) Investigation on support pattern of a coal mine roadway under dynamic pressure of mining - a case study. Int J Oil Gas Coal Tech 18:402–422
Malan DF, Basson FRP (1998) Ultra-deep mining: the increased potential for squeezing conditions. J South Afr Inst Min Metall 98:353–364
Mangat PS (1976) Tensile strength of steel fiber reinforced concrete. Cem Concr Res 6:245–252
Mao D, Nilsen B, Lu M (2011) Analysis of loading effects on reinforced shotcrete ribs caused by weakness zone containing swelling clay. Tunn Undergr Sp Tech 26:472–480
Ozturk H (2012) Work of adhesion of thin spray-on liners. Rock Mech Rock Eng 45:1095–1102
Ozturk H, Guner D (2017) Failure analysis of thin spray-on liner coated rock cores. Eng Fail Anal 79:25–33
Pritchard C, Swan G, Henderson A (1998) Tekflex as a sprayon screen replacement in an underground hard rock mine. In: Proceedings of 18th Conference on Ground Control in Mining, pp 90–97
Raju GD, Mitri H, Thibodeau D, Moreau-Verlaan L (2015) Numerical modelling and in situ monitoring of drift support performance with respect to mining sequence. Int J Min Reclam Environ 29:83–95
Saint-Michel F, Chazeau L, Cavaille J, Chabert E (2006) Mechanical properties of high density polyurethane foams: I. Effect of the density. Compos Sci Technol 66:2700–2708
Selmer-Olsen R, Palmstrøm A, Strømme B (1989) Tunnel collapses in swelling clay zones. Tunnels Tunn 21:49–51
Song D, Wang E, Li Z, Qiu L, Xu Z (2017) EMR: An effective method for monitoring and warning of rock burst hazard. Geomech Eng 12:53–69
Stojadinovic S, Pantovic R, Zikic M, Stojanovic G (2014) FEM Comparison of crack response to blasting ground vibrations and environmental changes. Acta Montan Slovaca 19:175–181
Swamy RN, Mangat PS (1974) Influence of fiber geometry on the properties of steel fiber reinforced concrete. Cem Concr Res 4:451–465
Tannant DD (2001) Thin spray-on liners for underground rock support. In: Proceedings of 17th International Mining Congress and Exhibition of Turkey (IMCET 2001), Ankara, Turkey, pp 57–73
Uyar GG, Aksoy CO (2018) New support suggestions to high swelling clayey rock mass. J Min Sci 54(4):617–627
Virgin RZ (1935) Coal-mine Timbering. United States Department of the Interior Office of Edcuation, Washington DC
Witciewicz W, Zielinski A (2006) Properties of the polyurethane (PU) light foams. Adv Mater Sci 6:35–51
Wu YK, Oldsen J (2010) Development of a new yielding rock bolt – yield-Lok bolt. In: Proceedings of 44th US Rock Mechanics Symposium, Salt Lake City, UT
Yang R, Wang M, Ma X, Wang Y, Rostami J (2017) Study of rock stability for mine entries in Ganhe coal mine. Int J Oil Gas Coal Tech 15:166–189
Yilmaz H (2010) Tensile strength testing of thin spray-on liner products (TSLs) and shotcrete. J South Afr Inst Min Metall 110:559–569
Yilmaz H (2013) Comparison of tensile-bond strength of thin spray-on liners. Int J Min Reclam Environ 27:56–71
Zhang C, Hu F, Zou S (2005) Effects of blast induced vibrations on the fresh concrete lining of a shaft. Tunn Undergr Sp Tech 20:356–361
Zhao W, Chen W, Yang D (2018) Effect of an imperfect interface on seismic response of a composite lining tunnel subjected to SH-waves. Int J Geomech 18:04018177. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001317
Zhigang T, Fei Z, Hongjian W, Haijiang Z, Yanyan P (2017) Innovative constant resistance large deformation bolt for rock support in high stressed rock mass. Arab J Geosci 10:341–355
Acknowledgments
The author expresses his sincere thanks to ETİ Bakır Inc. Co. Murgul Division Management and Kayra Isolation Co. for their supports to carry out this study.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Zeynal Abiddin Erguler
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Komurlu, E. High-density polyurethane rigid foam usability as liner support material in rock engineering. Arab J Geosci 13, 422 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-05396-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-05396-6