Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Mining Saline Soils to Manifest Plant Stress-Alleviating Halophilic Bacteria

  • Published:
Current Microbiology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The connection between soil and microbes plays a critical role in soil health and quality and can be elastic with the application of soil amendments and/or crop rotations. Inappropriate management of soil and application of impermissible levels of fertilizers ruptures the overriding connection between the soil and microbes. This is currently evidenced in the degraded soils (i.e., saline soils of India) which are caused by modern agricultural practices. Reclamation of saline soils with a saturated package of practices and conventional breeding methods requires biological intervention. Shortfall of nutrients is one of the chief constraints for plant growth in salt-affected soils. In the present investigation, we have observed an arsenal of fifty halophilic bacteria carrying an absolute requirement of 3% NaCl for solubilizing the insoluble minerals (ZnCO3, ZnO, Mica and tri-calcium phosphate) under in vitro conditions; however, increasing the amount of NaCl over and above resulted in loss of solubilization capacity. Of the isolates solubilizing zinc carbonate and zinc oxide at 3% NaCl concentration, there were 29 isolates; at 10% concentration, 10 isolates were positive for the presence of zinc carbonate. At 3% NaCl concentration, HB-5 showed 23.16 mm zinc carbonate solubilization, HB-20 showed 13.3 mm Zinc oxide solubilization, and HB-7 showed 13.4 mm tri-calcium phosphate solubilization. Mica solubilization was peaked at 6% NaCl and maximum solubilization was observed in HB-27 (18.03 mm). When compared to the zinc carbonate solubilization, zinc oxide solubilization was slow to reach desired levels. Solubilization lasted for up to 9 days and ceased thereafter in all the tests. Eight elite isolates were identified as Bacillus albus, Bacillus safensis, Pseudomonas stutzeri (2), Lysinibacillus sphaericus, Staphylococcus xylosus, and Bacillus cereus (2) based on 16S rRNA analysis.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Ajar NY, Divya S, Sneha G, Surender S, Rinku D, Kamal KP, Rajeev K, Anil KS (2015) Haloarchaea endowed with phosphorus solubilization attribute implicated in the phosphorus cycle. Sci Rep 5:1–10

    Google Scholar 

  2. Anderson PR, Christensen TH (1988) Distribution coefficient of Cd Co, Ni, and Zn in soils. J Soil Sci 39:15–22

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Aquiahuatl MA, Perez ML (2004) Manual of laboratory practices of general microbiology. Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Unidad, Iztapalapa, Mexico

    Google Scholar 

  4. Bagyalakshmi B, Ponmurugan P, Balamurugan A (2014) Studies on nutrient solubilization, biocontrol and plant growth promoting traits of Burkholderia cepacia from tea soil. J Plant Crops 42(3):316–322

    Google Scholar 

  5. Bakhshandeh E, Rahimian H, Pirdashti H, Nematzadeh GA (2014) Phosphate solubilization potential and modeling of stress tolerance of rhizobacteria from rice paddy soil in northern Iran. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 30(9):2437–2447

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Basak BB, Biswas DR (2009) Influence of potassium solubilizing microorganism (Bacillus muciloginosus) and waste mica on potassium uptake dynamics by Sudan grass (Sorghum vulgare pers.) grown under two Alfisoils. Plant Soil 317:235–255

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Bertsch PM, Thomas GW (1985) Potassium status of temperate region soils. In: Munson RD (ed) Potassium in agriculture. Madison: ASA, CSSA and SSSA, pp. 131–162

  8. Chaiharn M, Lumyong S (2009) Phosphate solubilization potential and stress tolerance of rhizobacteria from rice soil in Northern Thailand. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 25:305–314

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Chincholkar SB, Chaudhari BL, Talegaonkar SK, Kothari RM (2000) Microbial iron chelators: a sustainable tool for the biocontrol of plant diseases. In: Upadhyay RK, Mukerjee KG, Chamola BP (eds) Biocontrol potential and its exploitation in sustainable agriculture, vol I. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publication, New York, pp 49–70

    Google Scholar 

  10. Crane FL, Sun IL, Clark MG (1985) Transplasma membrane redox systems in growth and development. Biochem Biophys Acta 811(3):233–264

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Dastager S, Deepa C, Puneet S, Nautiyal C, Pandey A (2009) Isolation and characterization of plant growth-promoting strain Pantoea NII- 186. from Western Ghat forest soil India. Lett Appl Microbiol 49:20–25

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Dong R, Jie Z, Hengfu H, Changjun B, Zhijian C, Guodao L (2017) High salt tolerance of a Bradyrhizobium strain and its promotion of the growth of stylosanthes guianensis. Int J Mol Sci 18:1625

    PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Elham L, Naeimeh E, Hossein M (2016) Isolation and identification of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) from the rhizosphere of sugarcane in saline and non-saline soil. Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci 5(10):1072–1083

    Google Scholar 

  14. FAO (2005) Salt-affected soils from seawater intrusion: strategies for rehabilitation and management. Report of the regional workshop, Bangkok, p. 62

  15. Fasim F, Ahmed N, Parsons R, Gadd GM (2002) Solubilization of zinc salts by a bacterium isolated from the air environment of a tannery. FEMS Microbiol Lett 213:1–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Frank R, Ishida K, Suda P (1976) Metals in agricultural soils of Ontario. Can J Soil Sci 5:181–196

    Google Scholar 

  17. Friedrich S, Plantonova NP, Karavaiko GI, Stichel E, Glombitza F (1991) Chemical and microbial solubilization of silicates. Aca Biotechnol 11:187–196

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Friedrich S, Plantonova NP, Karavaiko GI, Stichel E, Glombitza F (2004) Chemical and microbiological solubilization of silicates. Acta Biotechnol 11:187–196

    Google Scholar 

  19. Gahoonia TS, Care D, Nielsen NE (1997) Root hairs and phosphorus acquisition of wheat and barley cultivars. Plant Soil 191:181–188

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Ghafoor A, Qadir M, Murtaza G (2004) Salt-affected soils: principles of management. Allied Book Centre, Urdu Bazar, Lahore

    Google Scholar 

  21. Goldstein AH (1994) Involvement of the quinoprotein glucose dehydrogenase in the solubilization of exogenous phosphates by gram-negative bacteria, in phosphate in microorganisms. In: Torriani-Gorini A, Yagil E, Silver S (eds) Cellular and molecular biology. ASM Press, Washington, DC, pp 197–203

    Google Scholar 

  22. Gorden AS, Weber RP (1951) Colorimetric estimation of indole acetic acid. Plant Physiol 26:192–195

    Google Scholar 

  23. Gothwal RK, Nigam VK, Mohan MK, Sasmal D, Ghosh P (2007) Screening of nitrogen fixers from rhizospheric bacterial isolates associated with important desert plants. Appl Ecol Environ Res 6(2):101–109

    Google Scholar 

  24. Gougoulias C, Joanna MC, Liz JS (2014) The role of soil microbes in the global carbon cycle: tracking the below-ground microbial processing of plant-derived carbon for manipulating carbon dynamics in agricultural systems. J Sci Food Agric 94:2362–2371

    PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Hantke K (2005) Bacterial zinc uptake and regulators. Curr Opin Microbiol 8:196–202

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Henri F, Laurette N, Annette D, John Q, Wolfgang M, Xavier F (2008) Solubilization of inorganic phosphates and plant growth promotion by strains of Pseudomonas fluorescens isolated from acidic soils of Cameroon. Afr J Microbiol Res 2:171–178

    Google Scholar 

  27. Hood MI, Skaar EP (2012) Nutritional immunity: transition metals at the pathogen-host interface. Nat Rev Microbiol 10:525–537

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Hughes MN, Poole RK (1991) Metal speciation and microbial growth the hard (and soft) facts. J Gen Microbiol 137(4):725–734

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Illmer P, Schinner F (1995) Solubilization of inorganic calcium phosphates solubilization mechanisms. Soil Biol Biochem 27:257–263

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Jones DL (1998) Organic acids in the rhizosphere-a critical review. Plant Soil 205:25–44

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Malik KA, Sandhu GR (1973) Decomposition of organic matter by fungi in saline soils. Mycopathol Mycol Appl 50(4):339–347

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Krishnaswamy R (1993) Effect of phosphatic fertilization on zinc adsorption in some vertisol and inceptisol. J Indian Soc Soil Sci 41:251–255

    Google Scholar 

  33. Lian B, Wang B, Pan M, Liu C, Teng HH (2008) Microbial release of potassium from K-bearing minerals by thermophilic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 72:87–98

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Mahboobeh P, Naeimeh E, Hossein M, Karim S (2016) Screening of salt tolerant sugarcane endophytic bacteria with potassium and zinc for their solubilizing and antifungal activity. Biosci Biotechnol Res Commun 9(3):530–538

    Google Scholar 

  35. Mahmood IA, Ali A, Aslam M, Shahzad A, Sultan T, Hussain F (2013) Phosphorus availability in different salt-affected soils as influenced by crop residue incorporation. Int J Agric Biol 15:472–478

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Mali GV, Patil RC, Bodhankar MG (2011) Antifungal and phytohormone production potential of Azotobacter chroococcum isolates from groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) rhizosphere and their effect on nodulation and dry mass, along with native rhizobia in pot culture experiment. Res J Chem Environ 15(2):172–179

    Google Scholar 

  37. Mandal AK, Sharma RC, Gurbachan S (2009) Assessment of salt-affected soils in India using GIS. Geoca Intel 24(6):437–456

    Google Scholar 

  38. Mariana DG, Silvia MCR, Jorge AR, Juan CMD, Cristobal NA, Rosa MCR (2018) Isolation of halophilic bacteria associated with saline and alkaline-sodic soils by culture dependent approach. Heliyon 4:e00954

    Google Scholar 

  39. Mohammad YK, Patrizia R, Ignazio A, Roberto T, Carmine C (2018) Solubilization of insoluble zinc compounds by zinc solubilizing bacteria (ZSB) and optimization of their growth conditions. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25(1):1–10

    Google Scholar 

  40. Naeima MHY (2018) Capability of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) for producing indole acetic acid (IAA) under extreme conditions. Eur J Biol Res 8(4):174–182

    Google Scholar 

  41. Nasim AY, Waheed A, Waheed UK, Sajid RA, Aqeel A, Aamir A (2018) Halotolerant plant-growth promoting rhizobacteria modulate gene expression and osmolyte production to improve salinity tolerance and growth in Capsicum annum L. Environ Sci Pollut Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2381-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Neha S, Prem LK, Hillol C, Srivastava AK, Sharma AK (2015) Isolation and characterization of potassium solubilizing bacteria from forest soils of Meghalaya. Indian J Environ Sci 19(1–2):43–48

    Google Scholar 

  43. Nguyen KN, Tran TMT, Nguyen TKO, Nguyen HKN (2017) Isolation and characterization of indole acetic acid producing halophilic bacteria from salt affected soil of rice–shrimp farming system in the Mekong Delta. Vietnam Agric For Fish 6(3):69–77

    Google Scholar 

  44. Nishanth D, Biswas DR (2008) Kinetics of phosphorus and potassium release from rock phosphate and waste mica enriched compost and their effect on yield and nutrient uptake by wheat (Triticum aestivum). Biores Technol 99:3342–3353

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Oades J (1984) Soil organic matter and structural stability: mechanisms and implications for management. Plant Soil 76:319–337

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Pikovskaya RI (1948) Mobilization of phosphorus in soil connection with the vital activity of some microbial species. Microbiologiya 17:362–370

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Piñero MC, Pérez-Jiménez M, López-Marín J, DelAmor FM (2016) Changes in the salinity tolerance of sweet pepper plants as affected by nitrogen form and high CO2 concentration. J Plant Physiol 200:18–27

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Piñero MC, Porras ME, Marín JL, Guerrero MCS, Medrano E, Lorenzo P, Amor FMD (2019) Differential nitrogen nutrition modifies polyamines and the amino-acid profile of sweet pepper under salinity stress. Front Plant Sci 10(301):1–9

    Google Scholar 

  49. Prajapati KB, Modi HA (2012) Isolation and characterization of potassium solubilizing bacteria from ceramic industry soil. CIBTech J Microbiol 1(2–3):8–14

    Google Scholar 

  50. Priyanka P, Sindhu SS (2013) Potassium solubilization by rhizosphere bacteria: influence of nutritional and environmental conditions. J Microb Res 3(1):25–31

    Google Scholar 

  51. Quesada E, Ventosa A, Rodriguez VF, Megias L, Ramos CA (1983) Numerical taxonomy of moderately halophilic gram negative bacteria from hypersaline soils. J Gen Microbiol 129:2649–2657

    Google Scholar 

  52. Ramesh A, Sharma KS, Sharma PM, Namrata Y, Om PJ (2014) Inoculation of zinc solubilizing Bacillus aryabhattai strains for improved growth, mobilization and biofortification of zinc in soybean and wheat cultivated in Vertisols of central India. Appl Ecol 73:87–96

    Google Scholar 

  53. Ramesh A, Sharma SK, Sharma MP, Yadav N, Joshi OP (2014) Inoculation of zinc solubilizing Bacillus aryabhattai strains for improved growth, mobilization and biofortification of zinc in soybean and wheat cultivated in vertisols of central India. Appl Soil Ecol 73:87–96

    Google Scholar 

  54. Ramos CA (1993) Ecology of moderately halophilic bacteria. In: Vreeland RH, Hochstein LI (eds) The biology of halophilic bacteria. CRC Press Inc, Boca Raton, Fla, pp 55–86

    Google Scholar 

  55. Rodriguez H, Rossolini GM, Gonzalez T, Li J, Glick BR (2000) Isolation of a gene from Burkholderia cepacia IS-16 encoding a protein that facilitates phosphatase activity. Curr Microbiol 40:362–366

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Rodriguez VF (1986) The ecology and taxonomy of aerobic chemoorganotrophic halophilic eubacteria. FEMS Microbiol Rev 39:17–22

    Google Scholar 

  57. Rodriguez VF (1988) Characteristics and microbial ecology of hypersaline environments. In: Rodriguez-Valera F (ed) Halophilic bacteria, vol 1. CRC Press Inc, Boca Raton, Fla, pp 3–30

    Google Scholar 

  58. Rogers ME, Craig AD, Munns R, Colmer TD, Nichols PGH, Malcolm CV, Barrett LEG, Brown AJ, Semple WS, Evans PM, Cowley K, Hughes SJ, Snowball R, Bennett SJ, Shannon SMC (1997) Adaptation of plants to salinity. Adv Agron 60:75–120

    Google Scholar 

  59. Saeed M, Fox RL (1977) Relations between suspension pH and zinc solubility in acid and calcareous soils. Soil Sci 124:199–204

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Sambrrok J, Fritsech EF, Maniaatis T (1989) Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual, 2nd edn. Cold Spring harbor Lab, Cold Spring Harbor, NY

    Google Scholar 

  61. Sarathambal C, Thangaraju M, Paulraj C, Gomahy M (2010) Assessing the zinc solubilization ability of Glucanoacetobacter diazotrophicus in maize rhizoshpere using labeled 65Zn compounds. Indian J Microbiol 50(Suppl 1):S103–S109

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Sarikhani MR, Oustan S, Ebrahimi M, Alias GN (2018) Isolation and identification of potassium-releasing bacteria in soil and assessment of their ability to release potassium for plants. Eur J Soil Sci 69(6):1–10

    Google Scholar 

  63. Sashidhar B, Podile A (2010) Mineral phosphate solubilization by rhizosphere bacteria and scope for manipulation of the direct oxidation pathway involving glucose dehydrogenase. J Appl Microbiol 109:1–12

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Saubern C, Molina JS, Jundberg A (1968) Biological reclamation of sodic soils. In: Primavesi P, Santa M, (eds) Progress in soil biodyhamics and soil productivity, Brazil, pp. 293–297

  65. Setiawati TC, Mutmainnah L (2016) Solubilization of potassium containing mineral by microorganisms from sugarcane rhizosphere. Agric Agric Sci Proc 9:108–117

    Google Scholar 

  66. Shahab S, Ahmed N (2008) Effect of various parameters on the efficiency of zincphosphate solubilization by indigenous bacterial isolates. Afr J Biotechnol 7(10):1543–1549

    Google Scholar 

  67. Sharma SB, Sayyed RZ, Trivedi MH, Gobi TA (2013) Phosphate solubilizing microbes: sustainable approach for managing phosphorus deficiency in agricultural soils. SpringerPlus 2:587–600

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  68. Sharma SK, Sharma MP, Ramesh A, Joshi OP (2012) Characterization of zinc-solubilizing Bacillus isolates and their potential to influence zinc assimilation in soybean seeds. J Microbiol Biotechnol 22(3):352–359

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Sheng XF, Huang WY (2002) Mechanism of potassium release from feldspar affected by the strain NBT of silicate bacterium. Acta Pedol Sin 39(6):863–871

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Shirokova Y, Forkutsa I, Sharafutdinova N (2000) Use of electrical conductivity instead of soluble salts for soil salinity monitoring in Central Asia. Irrigat Drainage Syst 14:199–205

    Google Scholar 

  71. Silva CMMS, Fay EF (2012) Effect of salinity on soil microorganisms, soil health and land use management. In: Hernandez Soriano MC (ed) InTech. http://www.intechopen.com/books/soil-health-and-land-use-management/effect-of-salinity-onsoil-microorganisms

  72. Simine CDD, Sayer JA, Gadd GM (1998) Solubilization of zinc phosphate by a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens isolated form a forest soil. Biol Fertil Soils 28:87–94

    Google Scholar 

  73. Singh BB, Kumar S, Natesan A, Singh BK, Usha K (2005) Improving zinc efficiency of cereals under deificiency. Curr Sci 88:36–44

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Spaepen S, Vanderleyden J, Remans R (2007) Indole-3-acetic acid in microbial and microorganism-plant signaling. FEMS Microbiol Rev 31:425–448

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Srivastava A, Mishra AK (2014) Regulation of nitrogen metabolism in salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive Frankia strains. Indian J Exp Biol 52:352–358

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Sunithakumari K, Padma DSN, Vasandha S (2016) Zinc solubilizing bacterial isolates from the agricultural fields of Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. India Curr Sci 1(10):196–200

    Google Scholar 

  77. Talei D, Kadir MA, Yusop MK, Valdiani A, Abdullah MP (2012) Salinity effects on macro and micronutrients uptake in medicinal plant King of Bitters (Andrographis paniculata Nees). Pant Omics J (POJ) 5(3):271–278

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Tamura K, Dudley J, Nei M, Kumar S (2007) MEGA4: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis (MEGA) software version 4.0. Mol Biol Evol 24:1596–1599

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Torbaghan ME, Lakzian A, Astaraei AR, Fotovat A, Besharati H (2016) Quantitative comparison of ammonia and 3-indole acetic acid production in halophilic, alkalophilic and haloalkalophilic bacterial isolates in soil. J Fundam Appl Sci 8(2S):653–673

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Upadhyay SK, Singh DP, Saikia R (2009) Genetic diversity of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria isolated from rhizospheric soil of wheat under saline condition. Curr Microbiol 59:489–496

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Venkatakrishnan SS, Sudalayandy RS, Savariappan AR (2003) Assessing in vitro solubilization potential of different zinc solubilizing bacterial (ZSB) isolates. Braz J Microbiol 34:121–125

    Google Scholar 

  82. Ventosa A, Joaquin JN, Oren A (1998) Biology of moderately halophilic aerobic bacteria. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 62(2):504–544

    PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Wakatsuki T (1995) Metal oxidoreduction by microbial cells. J Ind Microbiol 14(2):169–177

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Weisburg WG, Barns SM, Pelletier DA, Lane DJ (1991) 16S Ribosomal DNA amplification for phylogenetic study. J Bacteriol 173(2):697–703

    PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. White C, Sayer JA, Gadd GM (1997) Microbial solubilisation and immobilization of toxic metals: key biochemical processes for treatment of contamination. FEMS Microbiol Rev 20:503–516

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Wong VNL, Greene RSB, Dalal RC, Murphy BW (2010) Soil carbon dynamics in saline and sodic soils: a review. Soil Use Manage 26:2–11

    Google Scholar 

  87. Yadav T, Verma JP, Yadav SK, Tiwari KN (2011) Effect of salt concentration and pH on soil inhabiting fungus Penicillium citrinum Thom. for solubilization of tri-calcium phosphate. Microbiol J 1(1):25–32

    Google Scholar 

  88. Yakhontova LK, Andreev PI, Ivanova MY, Nesterovich LG (1987) Bacterial decomposition of smectite minerals. Soc Sci Study Read 296:203–206

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Yu X, Liu X, Zhu TH, Liu GH, Mao C (2011) Isolation and characterization of phosphate solubilizating bacteria from walnut and their effect on growth and phosphorous mobilization. Biol Fertil Soil 47:437–444

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Zhu F, Qu L, Hong X, Sun X (2011) Isolation and characterization of a phosphate-solubilizing halophilic bacterium Kushneria sp. YCWA18 from Daqiao Saltern on the coast of Yellow Sea of China. Evid Based Complement Altern Med 2011:1–6

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Agricultural Microbiology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, Karnataka, 584104, India

    Yalavarthi Nagaraju &  Mahadevaswamy

  2. AICRP On Pigeon Pea, Kalaburagi, Karnataka, India

    R. C. Gundappagol

Authors
  1. Yalavarthi Nagaraju
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. R. C. Gundappagol
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Mahadevaswamy
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yalavarthi Nagaraju.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (DOCX 12104 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Nagaraju, Y., Gundappagol, R.C. & Mahadevaswamy Mining Saline Soils to Manifest Plant Stress-Alleviating Halophilic Bacteria. Curr Microbiol 77, 2265–2278 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-020-02028-w

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-020-02028-w

Search

Navigation