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Effects of Turbulence and Temperature Fluctuations on Knock Development in an Ethanol/Air Mixture

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Abstract

The effects of turbulence on knock development and intensity for a thermally inhomogeneous stoichiometric ethanol/air mixture at a representative end-gas autoignition condition in internal combustion engines are investigated using direct numerical simulations with a skeletal reaction mechanism. Two- and three-dimensional simulations are performed by varying the most energetic length scale of temperature, \(l_T\), and its relative ratio with the most energetic length scale of turbulence, \(l_T/l_e\), together with two different levels of the turbulent velocity fluctuation, \(u'\). It is found that \(l_T\)/\(l_e\) and the ratio of ignition delay time to eddy-turnover time, \(\tau _{ig}/\tau _t\), are the key parameters that control the detonation development. An increase in either \(l_T\) or \(l_e\) enhances the detonation propensity by allowing a longer run-up distance for the detonation development. The characteristic length scale of the temperature field, \(l_T\), is significantly modified by high turbulence intensity achieved by a large \(l_e\) and \(u'\). The intense turbulence mixing effectively distributes the initial temperature field to broader scales to support the developing detonation waves, thereby increasing the likelihood of the detonation formation. On the contrary, high turbulence intensity with a short mixing time scale, achieved by a small \(l_e\) and a large \(u'\), reduces the super-knock intensity attributed to the finer broken-up structures of detonation waves. Either \(\tau _{ig}/\tau _t\) less than unity or \(l_e = l_T\) even with a large \(u'\) is found to have no significant effect on super-knock mitigation. Finally, high turbulent intensity may induce high-pressure spikes comparable to the von Neumann spike. Increased temperature and pressure by combustion heating, noticeably after the peak of heat release rate, significantly enhance the collision and interaction of multiple emerging autoignition fronts near the ending combustion process, resulting in localized high-pressure spikes.

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  • 30 June 2020

    The article ‘Effects of Turbulence and Temperature Fluctuations on Knock Development in an Ethanol/Air Mixture’, written by Minh Bau Luong, Swapnil Desai, Francisco E. Hernández Pérez, Ramanan Sankaran, Bengt Johansson, and Hong G. Im was originally published electronically on the publisher’s internet portal (currently SpringerLink) on 29th May 2020 with open access.

Abbreviations

0-D, 1-D, 2-D, and 3-D:

Zero-dimensional, one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and three-dimensional

DNS:

Direct numerical simulation

ICE:

Internal combustion engine

LIF:

Laser-induced fluorescence

HCCI:

Homogeneous-charge compression ignition

HRR:

Heat release rate

NTC:

Negative-temperature coefficient

RMS:

Root mean square

SI:

Spark-ignited

PDF:

Probability density function

a :

Sound speed

BL:

Baseline cases with no turbulence

L, E, and G:

Denote three levels of \(\tau _{ig}/\tau _t\) being less than, equal to, and greater than unity, respectively

\((.)^{l_e}_{l_T}\) :

The subscript and superscript correspond to the most energetic length scale of temperature, \(l_T\), and turbulent velocity field, \(l_e\), respectively

\(F_H\) :

Fraction of HRR of the regions with pressure greater than \(P_e\)

\(F_{CJ}\) :

Fraction of HRR of the regions with pressure greater than \(P_{CJ}\)

\(F_{VN}\) :

Fraction of HRR of the regions with pressure greater than \(P_{VN}\)

\(l_t\) :

The most energetic length scale of turbulence

\(l_T\) :

The most energetic length scale of temperature

\(\phi _0\) :

Initial mean equivalence ratio

\(\phi '\) :

Root mean square (RMS) equivalence ratio fluctuation

\(P_{CJ}\) :

Chapman–Jouguet pressure

\(P_e\) :

Homogeneous constant-volume equilibrium pressure

\(P_{max}\) :

Maximum pressure over the computational domain

\(P_{VN}\) :

Von Neumann pressure (spike)

\(\dot{q}\) :

Heat release rate

\(S_L\) :

Laminar flame speed

\(S_{sp}\) :

Spontaneous ignition front speed

\(\tau _{ig}\) :

Ignition delay time

\(\tau _{ig}^0\) :

Zero-dimensional homogeneous ignition delay time

\(\tau _{ex}\) :

Excitation time

T, P, and \(\phi\) :

Temperature, pressure, and equivalence ratio

\(T_0\) :

Initial mean temperature

\(T'\) :

Root mean square (RMS) temperature fluctuation

\(P_0\) :

Initial mean pressure

\(\xi\) :

Non-dimensional number defined as the ratio of the speed of sound to the spontaneous ignition front speed, \(\xi = a/S_{sp}\)

\(u'\) :

Root mean square (RMS) velocity fluctuation

\(\varepsilon\) :

Non-dimensional number defined as the ratio of the acoustic residence time, \(r_{hs}/a\), within the hot spot with a radius \(r_{hs}\), to the excitation time, \(\tau _{ex}\), \(\varepsilon = (r_{hs}/a)/\tau _{ex}\)

\(V_{CJ}\) :

Chapman–Jouguet speed

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Acknowledgements

This work was sponsored by King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) and used the computational resources of the KAUST Supercomputing Laboratory. This manuscript has been authored by UT-Battelle, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725 with the U.S. Department of Energy. The United States Government retains and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the United States Government retains a non-exclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, world-wide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this manuscript, or allow others to do so, for United States Government purposes. The Department of Energy will provide public access to these results of federally sponsored research in accordance with the DOE Public Access Plan (http://energy.gov/downloads/doe-public-access-plan).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Clean Combustion Research Center (CCRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

    Minh Bau Luong, Francisco E. Hernández Pérez, Bengt Johansson & Hong G. Im

  2. Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate Education, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996-3394, USA

    Swapnil Desai

  3. Computational Sciences and Engineering, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA

    Ramanan Sankaran

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  1. Minh Bau Luong
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The article ‘Effects of Turbulence and Temperature Fluctuations on Knock Development in an Ethanol/Air Mixture’, written by Minh Bau Luong, Swapnil Desai, Francisco E. Hernández Pérez, Ramanan Sankaran, Bengt Johansson, and Hong G. Im was orginally published electronically on the publisher’s internet portal (currently SpringerLink) on 29th May 2020 with open access. With the author(s)’ decision to step back from Open Choice, the copyright of the article changed on 29th June 2020 to © Springer Nature B.V. 2020 and the article is forthwith distributed under the terms of copyright. The original article has been corrected.

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Luong, M.B., Desai, S., Hernández Pérez, F.E. et al. Effects of Turbulence and Temperature Fluctuations on Knock Development in an Ethanol/Air Mixture. Flow Turbulence Combust 106, 575–595 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10494-020-00171-9

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