Abstract
Chilika lake, the largest brackish water lagoon in Asia, has a unique setting, where the north-eastern part receives freshwater from the terrestrial runoff, and the south-eastern part receives seawater from the Bay of Bengal. The seasonal variability in the quantity of inflowing water and their mixing in the lake controls the mobilization and precipitation of various elements. Seasonal sediment samples were collected from both the river and seawater influenced regions of the lake to understand the spatio-seasonal distributions of various elements along the salinity gradient. The major elements present in the sediments are mostly derived from the parent rock weathering in the source region and subsequently transported into the lake by the rivers. Seasonal variations in trace element concentrations are more prominent in the north-eastern part of the lake (i.e., low salinity region), and their higher concentrations have been observed during the post-rainy period. The affinity of the elements (Al, Fe, Mn, Li, V, Co, Cr, Cu, Th, and Zn) towards fine-grain sediments suggests that the size distribution pattern controls their accumulation, retention, and remobilization. The concentrations of Cr, Cu, and Pb exceeded the effects range low, and effects range median benchmarks indicating the potential biological risk in the low salinity region as compared to the high salinity region. The statistical analysis indicated that the concentrations of elements in the region proximal to the sea mouth are controlled by grain size and physicochemical condition of the lake water. In contrast, the element concentrations in the interior region are associated with anthropogenic activities and weathering processes. Continuous monitoring and assessment of element concentrations of the lake sediments can help to protect the lake ecology from the harmful element contaminations.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Acosta JA, Jansen B, Kalbitz K et al (2011) Salinity increases mobility of heavy metals in soils. Chemosphere 85:1318–1324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.07.046
Ahmed F, Bibi MH, Seto K et al (2010) Abundances, distribution, and sources of trace metals in Nakaumi—Honjo coastal lagoon sediments, Japan. Environ Monit Assess 167:473–491. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-009-1065-8
Angeli JLF, Rubio B, Kim BSM et al (2019) Environmental changes reflected by sedimentary geochemistry for the last one hundred years of a tropical estuary. J Mar Syst 189:36–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2018.09.004
Angulo E (1996) The Tomlinson Pollution Load Index applied to heavy metal, ‘Mussel-Watch’ data: a useful index to assess coastal pollution. Sci Total Environ 187:19–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(96)05128-5
Bai J, Xiao R, Zhang K, Gao H (2012) Arsenic and heavy metal pollution in wetland soils from tidal freshwater and salt marshes before and after the flow-sediment regulation regime in the Yellow River Delta, China. J Hydrol 450–451:244–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.05.006
Bai J, Xiao R, Zhao Q et al (2014) Seasonal dynamics of trace elements in tidal salt marsh soils as affected by the flow-sediment regulation regime. PLoS One. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107738
Banerjee S, Pramanik A, Sengupta S et al (2017) Distribution and source identification of heavy metal concentration in Chilika Lake, Odisha India: an assessment over salinity gradient. Curr Sci 112:87–94. https://doi.org/10.18520/cs/v112/i01/87-94
Barbier EB, Hacker SD, Kennedy C et al (2011) The value of estuarine and coastal ecosystem services. Ecol Monogr 81:169–193. https://doi.org/10.1890/10-1510.1
Barbieri M (2016) The importance of enrichment factor (EF) and geoaccumulation index (Igeo) to evaluate the soil contamination. J Geol Geophys 5:1–4. https://doi.org/10.4172/2381-8719.1000237
Barik SK, Muduli PR, Mohanty B et al (2017) Spatio-temporal variability and the impact of Phailin on water quality of Chilika lagoon. Cont Shelf Res 136:39–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2017.01.019
Barik SK, Muduli PR, Mohanty B et al (2018) Spatial distribution and potential biological risk of some metals in relation to granulometric content in core sediments. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:572–587
Barik SS, Singh RK, Jena PS et al (2019) Spatio-temporal variations in ecosystem and CO2 sequestration in coastal lagoon: a foraminiferal perspective. Mar Micropaleontol 147:43–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marmicro.2019.02.003
Barnes RSK (1980) Coastal lagoons: the natural history of a neglected habitat. In: Barnes RSK, Miller PL, Paul J, ap Rees T (eds) Cambridge studies in modern biology, 1st edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p 106
Bastami KD, Mahmoud RN, Farzaneh S et al (2015) Heavy metal pollution assessment in relation to sediment properties in the coastal sediments of the southern Caspian Sea. Mar Pollut Bull 92:237–243
Bastia F, Equeenuddin SM (2016) Spatio-temporal variation of water flow and sediment discharge in the Mahanadi River, India. Glob Planet Change 144:51–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2016.07.004
Baustian MM, Meselhe E, Jung H et al (2018) Development of an Integrated Biophysical Model to represent morphological and ecological processes in a changing deltaic and coastal ecosystem. Environ Model Softw 109:402–419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2018.05.019
Bhattacharya S, Sen SK, Acharyya A (1994) The structural setting of the Chilka Lake granulite–migmatite–anorthosite suite with emphasis on the time relation of charnockites. Precambr Res 66:393–409. https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(94)90060-4
Bhuiyan MAH, Parvez L, Islam MA et al (2010) Heavy metal pollution of coal mine-affected agricultural soils in the northern part of Bangladesh. J Hazard Mater 173:384–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JHAZMAT.2009.08.085
Bonatti E, Honnorez J, Gartner S Jr (1973) Sedimentary serpentinites from the Mid-Atlantic ridge. J Sediment Res. https://doi.org/10.1306/74D72851-2B21-11D7-8648000102C1865D
Braun JJ, Pagel M (1994) Geochemical and mineralogical behavior of REE, Th and U in the Akongo lateritic profile (SW Cameroon). CATENA 21:173–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/0341-8162(94)90010-8
Chakraborty S, Bhattacharya T, Singh G, Maity JP (2014) Benthic macroalgae as biological indicators of heavy metal pollution in the marine environments: a biomonitoring approach for pollution assessment. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 100:61–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.12.003
Chakrapani GJ, Subramanian V (1993) Heavy metals distribution and fractionation in sediments of the Mahanadi River basin, India. Environ Geol 22:80–87. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00775288
Chamley H (1989) Clay sedimentology. Springer, Berlin. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-85916-8
Charette MA, Sholkovitz ER (2006) Trace element cycling in a subterranean estuary: Part 2. Geochemistry of the pore water. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 70:811–826. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.GCA.2005.10.019
Charette MA, Sholkovitz ER, Hansel CM (2005) Trace element cycling in a subterranean estuary: part 1. Geochemistry of the permeable sediments. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 69:2095–2109. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.GCA.2004.10.024
Chipera SJ, Bish DL (2001) Baseline studies of the clay minerals society source clays: powder X-ray diffraction analyse. Clays Clay Miner 49:398–409
Cognetti G, Maltagliati F (2000) Biodiversity and adaptive mechanisms in brackish water fauna. Mar Pollut Bull 40:7–14
Das L, Dutta M, Meher JK, Akhter J (2016) Temperature change scenarios over the Chilika Lagoon of India during 1901–2100. J Clim Chang 2:1–14. https://doi.org/10.3233/jcc-160001
Du Laing G, De Vos R, Vandecasteele B et al (2008) Effect of salinity on heavy metal mobility and availability in intertidal sediments of the Scheldt estuary. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 77:589–602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2007.10.017
Duman F, Aksoy A, Demirezen D (2007) Seasonal variability of heavy metals in surface sediment of Lake Sapanca, Turkey. Environ Monit Assess 133:277–283. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-006-9580-3
Dutt S, Gupta AK, Wünnemann B, Yan D (2018) A long arid interlude in the Indian summer monsoon during ~ 4,350 to 3,450 cal. yr BP contemporaneous to displacement of the Indus valley civilization. Quat Int 482:83–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2018.04.005
Emerson SR, Huested SS (1991) Ocean anoxia and the concentrations of molybdenum and vanadium in seawater. Mar Chem 34:177–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4203(91)90002-E
Fletcher DE, Lindell AH, Seaman JC et al (2019) Sediment and biota trace element distribution in streams disturbed by upland industrial activity. Environ Toxicol Chem 38:115–131. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.4287
Folk RL (1980) Petrology of sedimentary rocks. Hemphill Pub. Co., Austin. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/22930
Ganugapenta S, Nadimikeri J, Chinnapolla SRRB et al (2018) Assessment of heavy metal pollution from the sediment of Tupilipalem Coast, southeast coast of India. Int J Sediment Res. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2018.02.004
Gokul MS, Dahms HU, Henciya S et al (2019) Socio-ecological studies on a tropical coastal area in southern India. Int J Environ Sci Technol 16:2279–2294. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-018-1752-5
Govin A, Holzwarth U, Heslop D et al (2012) Distribution of major elements in Atlantic surface sediments (36° N–49° S): imprint of terrigenous input and continental weathering. Geochem Geophys Geosyst 13:1–23. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GC003785
Gupta A, Rai DK, Pandey RS, Sharma B (2009) Analysis of some heavy metals in the riverine water, sediments and fish from river Ganges at Allahabad. Environ Monit Assess 157:449–458. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-008-0547-4
Hakanson L (1980) An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control. A sedimentological approach. Water Res 14:975–1001. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(80)90143-8
Halpern BS, Walbridge S, Selkoe KA et al (2008) A global map of human impact on marine ecosystems. Science (80-) 319:948–952. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1149345
Hammer Ø, Harper DAT, Ryan PD (2001) PAST: paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis. Palaeontol Electron 4(1):9
Harguinteguy CA, Gudiño GL, Arán DS et al (2019) Comparison between two submerged macrophytes as biomonitors of trace elements related to anthropogenic activities in the Ctalamochita River, Argentina. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 102:105–114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-018-2499-x
Jain CK, Malik DS, Yadav R (2007) Metal fractionation study on bed sediments of Lake Nainital, Uttaranchal, India. Environ Monit Assess 130:129–139. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-006-9383-6
Jeong GY, Kim SJ (1993) Boxwork fabric of halloysite-rich kaolin formed by weathering of anorthosite in the Sancheong area, Korea. Clays Clay Miner 41:56–65. https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1993.0410106
Kamala-Kannan S, Prabhu Dass Batvari B, Lee KJ et al (2008) Assessment of heavy metals (Cd, Cr and Pb) in water, sediment and seaweed (Ulva lactuca) in the Pulicat Lake, South East India. Chemosphere 71:1233–1240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.12.004
Karbassi AR, Heidari M, Vaezi AR et al (2014) Effect of pH and salinity on flocculation process of heavy metals during mixing of Aras River water with Caspian Sea water. Environ Earth Sci 72:457–465. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-013-2965-z
Kjerfve B (1986) Comparative oceanography of coastal lagoons. In: Estuarine variability. Academic press, Elsevier, pp 63–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-761890-6.50009-5
Konhauser K, Powell M, Fyfe W et al (1997) Trace element geochemistry of river sediment, Orissa State, India. J Hydrol 193:258–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(96)03146-0
Kouassi NLB, Yao KM, Sangare N et al (2019) The mobility of the trace metals copper, zinc, lead, cobalt, and nickel in tropical estuarine sediments, Ebrie Lagoon, Côte d’Ivoire. J Soils Sediments 19:929–944. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-018-2062-8
Kumar A, Equeenuddin SM, Mishra DR, Acharya BC (2016) Remote monitoring of sediment dynamics in a coastal lagoon: long-term spatio-temporal variability of suspended sediment in Chilika. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 170:155–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2016.01.018
Lim WY, Aris AZ, Zakaria MP (2012) Spatial variability of metals in surface water and sediment in the Langat river and geochemical factors that influence their water-sediment interactions. Sci World J. https://doi.org/10.1100/2012/652150
Macdonald DD, Carr RS, Calder FD et al (1996) Development and evaluation of sediment quality guidelines for Florida coastal waters. Ecotoxicology 5:253–278. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00118995
Maji AK, Patra A, Ghosh P (2010) An overview on geochemistry of Proterozoic massif-type anorthosites and associated rocks. J Earth Syst Sci 119:861–878. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-010-0060-3
McCauley DJ, Degraeve GM, Linton TK (2000) Sediment quality guidelines and assessment: overview and research needs. Environ Sci Policy 3:133–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1462-9011(00)00040-X
McComb JQ, Rogers C, Han FX, Tchounwou PB (2014) Rapid screening of heavy metals and trace elements in environmental samples using portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometer, a comparative study. Water Air Soil Pollut 225:2169. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-014-2169-5
McManus J, Berelson WM, Klinkhammer GP et al (1998) Geochemistry of barium in marine sediments: implications for its use as a paleoproxy. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 62:3453–3473. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(98)00248-8
Meyer I, Davies GR, Stuut J-BW (2011) Grain size control on Sr-Nd isotope provenance studies and impact on paleoclimate reconstructions: an example from deep-sea sediments offshore NW Africa. Geochem Geophys Geosyst. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010gc003355
Middelburg JJ, van der Weijden CH, Woittiez JRW (1988) Chemical processes affecting the mobility of major, minor and trace elements during weathering of granitic rocks. Chem Geol 68:253–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(88)90025-3
Mohapatra A, Rautray TR, Patra AK et al (2009) Trace element-based food value evaluation in soft and hard shelled mud crabs. Food Chem Toxicol 47:2730–2734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2009.07.037
Muduli PR, Kanuri VV, Robin RS et al (2012) Spatio-temporal variation of CO2 emission from Chilika Lake, a tropical coastal lagoon, on the east coast of India. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 113:305–313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2012.08.020
Müller G (1969) Index of geoaccumulation in sediments of the Rhine River. Geol J 2:108–118. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1023171
Nath BN, Kunzendorf H, Pluger WL (2000) Influence of provenance, weathering, and sedimentary processes on the elemental ratios of the fine-grained fraction of the bedload sediments from the Vembanad Lake and the adjoining continental shelf, southwest coast of India. J Sediment Res 70:1081–1094. https://doi.org/10.1306/100899701081
Panda UC, Rath P, Bramha S, Sahu KC (2010) Application of factor analysis in geochemical speciation of heavy metals in the sediments of a lake system—Chilika (India): a case study. J Coast Res. https://doi.org/10.2112/08-1077.1
Panda US, Mohanty PK, Samal RN (2013) Impact of tidal inlet and its geomorphological changes on lagoon environment: a numerical model study. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 116:29–40
Panigrahi S, Acharya BC, Panigrahy RC et al (2007) Anthropogenic impact on water quality of Chilika lagoon RAMSAR site: a statistical approach. Wetl Ecol Manag 15:113–126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11273-006-9017-3
Panigrahi S, Wikner J, Panigrahy RC et al (2009) Variability of nutrients and phytoplankton biomass in a shallow brackish water ecosystem (Chilika Lagoon, India). Limnology 10:73–85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10201-009-0262-z
Panigrahy BK, Raymahashay BC (2005) River water quality in weathered limestone: a case study in upper Mahanadi basin, India. J Earth Syst Sci 114:533–543. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02702029
Papoulis D, Tsolis-Katagas P, Katagas C (2004) Progressive stages in the formation of kaolin minerals of different morphologies in the weathering of plagioclase. Clays Clay Miner 52:275–286. https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.2004.0520303
Parida S, Barik SK, Mohanty B et al (2017) Trace metal concentrations in euryhaline fish species from Chilika lagoon: human health risk assessment. Int J Environ Sci Technol 14:2649–2660. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-017-1334-y
Patel P, Raju NJ, Reddy BCSR et al (2018) Heavy metal contamination in river water and sediments of the Swarnamukhi River Basin, India: risk assessment and environmental implications. Environ Geochem Health 40:609–623. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-017-0006-7
Pekey H, Karakaş D, Ayberk S et al (2004) Ecological risk assessment using trace elements from surface sediments of İzmit Bay (Northeastern Marmara Sea) Turkey. Mar Pollut Bull 48:946–953. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MARPOLBUL.2003.11.023
Purushothaman P, Mishra S, Das A, Chakrapani GJ (2012) Sediment and hydro biogeochemistry of Lake Nainital, Kumaun Himalaya, India. Environ Earth Sci 65:775–788. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-011-1123-8
Rao VG, Rao GT, Surinaidu L et al (2013) Assessment of geochemical processes occurring in groundwaters in the coastal alluvial aquifer. Environ Monit Assess 185:8259–8272. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-013-3171-x
Rezaie-Boroon MH, Toress V, Diaz S et al (2013) The geochemistry of heavy metals in the mudflat of Salinas de San Pedro Lagoon, California, USA. J Environ Prot (Irvine Calif) 4:12–25. https://doi.org/10.4236/jep.2013.41002
Riba I, DelValls TA, Forja JM, Gómez-Parra A (2004) The influence of pH and salinity on the toxicity of heavy metals in sediment to the estuarine clam Ruditapes philippinarum. Environ Toxicol Chem 23:1100–1107
Riedel GF, Sanders JG, Osman RW (1997) Biogeochemical control on the flux of trace elements from estuarine sediments: water column oxygen concentrations and benthic infauna. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 44:23–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-1136(98)00125-1
Rigollet V, Sfriso A, Marcomini A, De Casabianca ML (2004) Seasonal evolution of heavy metal concentrations in the surface sediments of two Mediterranean Zostera marina L. beds at Thau lagoon (France) and Venice lagoon (Italy). Bioresour Technol 95:159–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2003.12.018
Sahay A, Gupta A, Motwani G et al (2019) Distribution of coloured dissolved and detrital organic matter in optically complex waters of Chilika lagoon, Odisha, India, using hyperspectral data of AVIRIS-NG. Curr Sci 116:1166–1171
Sahoo PK, Souza-Filho PWM, Guimarães JTF et al (2015) Use of multi-proxy approaches to determine the origin and depositional processes in modern lacustrine sediments: Carajás Plateau, Southeastern Amazon, Brazil. Appl Geochem 52:130–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2014.11.010
Sahu BK, Pati P, Panigrahy RC (2014) Environmental conditions of Chilika Lake during pre and post hydrological intervention: an overview. J Coast Conserv 18:285–297. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11852-014-0318-z
Sakan SM, Đorđević DS, Manojlović DD, Predrag PS (2009) Assessment of heavy metal pollutants accumulation in the Tisza river sediments. J Environ Manage 90:3382–3390. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2009.05.013
Samanta S, Dalai TK (2018) Massive production of heavy metals in the Ganga (Hooghly) River estuary, India: global importance of solute–particle interaction and enhanced metal fluxes to the oceans. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 228:243–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2018.03.002
Sarkar SK (2018) Trace metals in a tropical mangrove wetland. Springer, Berlin
Sarkar A, Bhanumathi L, Balasubrahmanyan MN (1981) Petrology, geochemistry and geochronology of the Chilka Lake igneous complex, Orissa state, India. Lithos 14:93–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-4937(81)90048-7
Savvides C, Papadopoulos A, Haralambous KJ, Loizidou M (1995) Sea sediments contaminated with heavy metals: metal speciation and removal. Water Sci Technol 32:65–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/0273-1223(96)00077-7
Seyfried WE, Chen X, Chan L-H (1998) Trace element mobility and lithium isotope exchange during hydrothermal alteration of seafloor weathered basalt: an experimental study at 350 °C, 500 Bars. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 62:949–960. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(98)00045-3
Singh RK, Das M (2018) Mahanadi: the great river. The Indian rivers. Springer, Singapore, pp 309–318
Singh AK, Hasnain SI, Banerjee DK (1999) Grain size and geochemical partitioning of heavy metals in sediments of the Damodar river—a tributary of the lower Ganga, India. Environ Geol 39:90–98
Sundaray SK, Nayak BB, Lin S, Bhatta D (2011) Geochemical speciation and risk assessment of heavy metals in the river estuarine sediments—a case study: Mahanadi basin, India. J Hazard Mater 186:1837–1846. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.12.081
Thamban M, Purnachandra Rao V, Schneider R (2002) Reconstruction of late Quaternary monsoon oscillations based on clay mineral proxies using sediment cores from the western margin of India. Mar Geol 186:527–539. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(02)00268-2
Thiry M (2000) Palaeoclimatic interpretation of clay minerals in marine deposits: an outlook from the continental origin. Earth-Sci Rev 49:201–221
Tomlinson DL, Wilson JG, Harris CR, Jeffrey DW (1980) Problems in the assessment of heavy-metal levels in estuaries and the formation of a pollution index. Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen 33:566–575. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02414780
Tuncel SG, Tugrul S, Topal T (2007) A case study on trace metals in surface sediments and dissolved inorganic nutrients in surface water of Ölüdeniz Lagoon-Mediterranean, Turkey. Water Res 41:365–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2006.10.001
Turekian KK, Wedepohl KH (1961) Distribution of the elements in some major units of the earth’s crust. GSA Bull 72:175–192 10.1130/0016-7606(1961)72[175:doteis]2.0.co;2
Unnikrishnan W, Shahul H, Velayudhan KT et al (2009) Estimation of sedimentation rate in Chilika lake, Orissa using environmental 210 Pb isotope systematics. J Appl Geochem 11:102–110
Wei G, Li XH, Liu Y et al (2006) Geochemical record of chemical weathering and monsoon climate change since the early Miocene in the South China Sea. Paleoceanography 21:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006PA001300
Wenning RJ (2005) Use of sediment quality guidelines and related tools for the assessment of contaminated sediments. SETAC Press, Pensacola
Wijsman JWM, Middelburg JJ, Heip CHR (2001) Reactive iron in Black Sea Sediments: implications for iron recycling. Mar Geol 172:167–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(00)00122-5
Zabel M, Schneider RR, Wagner T et al (2001) Late Quaternary climate changes in central Africa as inferred from terrigenous input to the Niger fan. Quat Res 56:207–217. https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.2001.2261
Zachmann DW, Mohanti M, Treutler HC, Scharf B (2009) Assessment of element distribution and heavy metal contamination in Chilika Lake sediments (India). Lakes Reserv Res Manag 14:105–125. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1770.2009.00399.x
Zahra A, Hashmi MZ, Malik RN, Ahmed Z (2014) Enrichment and geo-accumulation of heavy metals and risk assessment of sediments of the Kurang Nallah—feeding tributary of the Rawal Lake Reservoir, Pakistan. Sci Total Environ 470–471:925–933. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.017
Zwolsman JJG, Berger GW, Van Eck GTM (1993) Sediment accumulation rates, historical input, postdepositional mobility and retention of major elements and trace metals in salt marsh sediments of the Scheldt estuary, SW Netherlands. Mar Chem 44:73–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4203(93)90007-B
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge IIT Bhubaneswar for providing necessary infrastructural facilities and partial financial support. The authors acknowledge Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India for providing partial funding through Bay of Bengal Coastal Observatory (RP-088). The authors are thankful to Dr. James W. LaMoreaux, the editor in Chief and the anonymous reviewers for their constructive suggestions that significantly improved the manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Barik, S.S., Prusty, P., Singh, R.K. et al. Seasonal and spatial variations in elemental distributions in surface sediments of Chilika Lake in response to change in salinity and grain size distribution. Environ Earth Sci 79, 269 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-020-09009-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-020-09009-z