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Pit-houses, seasonality, and subsistence resources: an essay from Boyo Paso 2 (ca. 900–700 BP, Sierras of Córdoba, Argentina)

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Abstract

How pre-Hispanic foragers adjusted their foraging and mobility strategies to plant cultivation is a question that drives much of the modern archaeological research. As a result, the spread of food-producing economies during the late pre-Hispanic period from Sierras of Córdoba (Argentina, ca. 1500–360 BP) has been recently defined as a dynamic sociocultural process where a mixed foraging and cultivation economy was accompanied by a flexible and seasonally landscape-use organization. However, the seasonally-sedentary model requires the elaboration of details that has not been specified. In order to enhance the discussion, this paper presents the study carried out on faunal and botanical spring-summer indicators recovered at Boyo Paso 2, an open-air site interpreted as a residential base camp occupied during the growing season (October–April) by people with mixed foraging and cultivation economy. The major aim was to identify reliable biological indicators to assess the season of use of the site based on their ecology. The identification of Rheidae eggshells, small vertebrates, crops, and wild fruits remains, as well as the contextual evidence, supports that Boyo Paso 2 was occupied with a stronger signature in middle spring through early autumn (October–April), when planting, harvesting, and/or wild food were available around the site. Thus, it is concluded that zooarchaeological and archaeobotanical data were critical to understand the dynamic process that has underlain transition from foraging to farming in Sierras of Córdoba, providing data to improve the understanding of residential mobility in archaeological groups where the adoption of crops plants did not necessary lead to fully sedentary farming.

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Notes

  1. Although eggshell NISP may be inflated due to their susceptibility to fragmentation, NISP seems appropriate to roughly assess the number of individual eggs in the collection when a broader temporal framework is indicated by radiocarbon dates (approximately 900–700 BP), especially when there is no valid time-averaged technique to determine if a specimen is from the same individual egg as other eggshells unless they were articulated or refitted in the laboratory to control for specimens interdependence (Lyman 2008: 37). The same reasoning apply to bones, bony dermal scutes, teeth, or fragment thereof, mainly when most archaeological deposits such as Boyo Paso 2 were accumulated along decades or thousands of years, averaging human behaviors, and multiple post-depositational processes at coarse grain.

  2. Starch grains were recovered by sonication according to protocol used by Piperno et al. (2000) and identified using reference collection (see Medina et al. 2018).

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Acknowledgments

Our acknowledgement also extends to A. Capparelli, L. Prates, E. Soibelzon, P. Teta, M. Ciancio, D. Gobbo, I. Mlakar and three anonymous reviewers, who provided professional advices, equipment, and replied to our numerous requests to improve the original.

Funding

We thank the financial support by the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (PIP 112-200801-02678) and the Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica (2016-201-0677).

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Medina, M.E., López, M.L., Campos, M.R. et al. Pit-houses, seasonality, and subsistence resources: an essay from Boyo Paso 2 (ca. 900–700 BP, Sierras of Córdoba, Argentina). Archaeol Anthropol Sci 12, 119 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-020-01066-6

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