Intensified peroxydisulfate/microparticles-zero valent iron process through aeration for degradation of organic pollutants: Kinetic studies, mechanism and effect of anions
Graphical abstract
Introduction
Dyes are pollutants with large molecules which are considered by environmental scientists due to toxic effect on aquatic environment. Around 7 × 105 tons of dyes are annually consumed in the world in which two-thirds of them are used in textile industry [1,2]. They are often water-soluble compounds in which a small amount of them can produce intensive color in water [3]. Therefore, color production is the first important effect on water resources. They are extremely resistant to biodegradation due to their toxicity for microbes. Biodegradation is a slow process and very sensitive to environmental conditions [1]. Conventional chemical treatments (chlorine oxidation, coagulation and adsorption) are often insufficient for complete removal of dyes and may produce toxic intermediates or sludge, due to their low power in mineralization of organic pollutants. Hence, new chemical process is required to investigate the degradation of organic dyes in aqueous solution [4].
Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have been extremely used in the degradation of persistent organic pollutants. AOPs are usually classified based on generated reactive radicals including hydroxyl radical-based AOPs and sulfate radical-based AOPs [[5], [6], [7], [8]]. AOPs produce free radicals with high reactive to oxidize organic contaminants. There are several methods for the generation of both hydroxyl radicals (HO) and sulfate (SO4−, PDS) radicals. As a conventional method, use of a chemical oxidant has been widely used to produce hydroxyl and sulfate radicals. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and peroxydisulfate anion (S2O82−) have been applied for this purpose [9,10]. To active chemical oxidant, several methods are suggested to generate free radicals including transition metals, carbon-based catalysts, UV irradiation, ultrasound waves, heat and electrochemical processes [[11], [12], [13]]. Zero valent iron (ZVI) is a benign material which is broadly used in AOPs due to excellent catalytic activity. ZVI is an excellent alternative for ferrous ions for Fenton oxidation, since it can gradually release ferrous ions. Moreover, ZVI is a practical, economic and efficient catalyst for activation of peroxygens [[14], [15], [16]]. Meanwhile, ZVI as an alternative of ferrous ions can gradually release ferrous ions. ZVI has demonstrated high catalytic activity for oxygen to generate hydrogen peroxide and Fenton reagent. In fact, ZVI reduces oxygen molecule to generate hydrogen peroxide and ferrous ion in acidic conditions and forms Fenton reagent for generation of hydroxyl radicals (Eq. 1). In addition, hydrogen peroxide also can be reduced to water and produce ferrous ions to generate hydroxyl radical, as described at Eqs. (2) and (3) [17,18]. ZVI/aeration is a compelling process for degradation of organic compounds. However, the adequacy of free radical production for degradation of refractory organic pollutants is doubtful. Hence, enhanced procedure is needed for more production of free radicals.
ZVI has demonstrated high activity for reaction with PDS. Sulfate and ferrous ions are products of reaction of ZVI with PDS according to Eq. (4). Produced ferrous ions are able to activate PDS for generation of sulfate radicals (Eq. (5)) [19,20].
The use of system of ZVI/PDS/aeration may be a promising design in terms of activation methods. In this design, ZVI not only produces hydrogen peroxide in the presence of air, but it also activates both hydrogen peroxide and persulfate simultaneously. In fact, there are direct and indirect activations for the production of free radical.
Several studies have demonstrated the function of PDS/ZVI [[21], [22], [23], [24]] and ZVI/aeration [25,26] systems in degradation of organic pollutant in contaminated water. Howbeit, according to literature, no study has been reported PDS/mZVI/aeration system for any pollutants yet. In this work, by focusing on application of PDS/mZVI/aeration for dye degradation, we have tested effect of influential factors on the PDS/mZVI/aeration performance into degradation of organic dye (Acid Blue 9, AB9). Moreover, the effect of some anions was studied on dye removal. The kinetic model of dye degradation was also investigated. The scavenging experiments were considered to determine contribution of oxidative agents. Carboxylic acids generated were monitored during oxidation time. The characteristics of reacted mZVI were also investigated by several techniques.
Section snippets
Chemicals
All solutions were prepared by double-distilled water. All chemicals and reagents were in analytical grade. Acid Blue 9 (C37H42N4O9S3) was provided by Alvan-Sabet Company (Iran) with high purity (99%) and its properties are presented in Table 1. Microparticle-Zero Valent Iron (m-ZVI) is purchased from Merck Company with size less than 150 micro-meter. Sodium persulfate (Na2S2O8, >99%) was provided by Alfa-Aesar Inc. Sodium chloride (NaCl, >99%), sodium nitrate (NaNO3, >99%), sodium nitrite (NaNO
The effects of solution pH, mZVI and PDS dosages on AB9 degradation in PDS/mZVI/aeration process
The effect of the main operating factors on AB9 degradation was studied by focusing on solution pH, mZVI and PDS dosages. The solution pH is influential parameter in ZVI-based processes due to the effect of pH on ZVI corrosion. Moreover, pH can influence H2O2 generation according to Eq. (2). Herein, the effect of solution pH on the decolorization efficiency was considered in range of 3.0–11.0 (Fig. 1a). As can be seen, acidic and near neutral conditions were suitable for PDS/mZVI/aeration
Conclusion
In this work, a new hybrid approach (PDS/mZVI/aeration) was used for degradation organic pollutants for the first time. Simultaneous use of PDS and generated H2O2 in the presence of mZVI degraded synergistically the dye through more generation of sulfate radicals. mZVI played successfully both roles of reductant (to generate H2O2) and catalyst (source of iron) in this system. In contrast with mZVI, mZVAl did not demonstrate any activity in the presence of PDS and aeration. Carbonate, nitrite
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgment
This research project has been financially supported by Abadan Faculty of Medical Sciences (Iran)under contract number of 98U596. Dr. Farshid Ghanbari would like to thank Razi Metallurgical Research Center (Iran) for FESEM analysis.
References (52)
- et al.
Horseradish peroxidase immobilization by copolymerization into cross-linked polyacrylamide gel and its dye degradation and detoxification potential
Int. J. Biol. Macromol.
(2018) - et al.
Removal of methylene blue and tetracycline from water using peanut shell derived adsorbent prepared by sulfuric acid reflux
J. Environ. Chem. Eng.
(2019) - et al.
Graphene composite nanofibers as a high-performance photocatalyst for environmental remediation
Sep. Purif. Technol.
(2019) - et al.
Metal-organic framework (MIL-100 (Fe)): synthesis, detailed photocatalytic dye degradation ability in colored textile wastewater and recycling
Mater. Res. Bull.
(2018) - et al.
Non-radical-dominated catalytic degradation of bisphenol A by ZIF-67 derived nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes frameworks in the presence of peroxymonosulfate
Chem. Eng. J.
(2018) - et al.
Nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur tri-doped hollow carbon shells derived from ZIF-67@poly (cyclotriphosphazene-co-4, 4′-sulfonyldiphenol) as a robust catalyst of peroxymonosulfate activation for degradation of bisphenol A
Carbon
(2018) - et al.
Cobalt ferrite nanoparticles supported on electrospun carbon fiber as a magnetic heterogeneous catalyst for activating peroxymonosulfate
Chemosphere
(2018) - et al.
Preparation of magnetite nanoparticles by high-energy planetary ball mill and its application for ciprofloxacin degradation through heterogeneous Fenton process
J. Environ. Manage.
(2018) - et al.
Detoxification of water and wastewater by advanced oxidation processes
Sci. Total Environ.
(2019) - et al.
Recent advances of SBA-15-based composites as the heterogeneous catalysts in water decontamination: a mini-review
J. Environ. Manage.
(2020)
Review on ultrasound assisted persulfate degradation of organic contaminants in wastewater: influences, mechanisms and prospective
Chem. Eng. J.
Investigation of iohexol degradation kinetics by using heat-activated persulfate
Chem. Eng. J.
Zero-valent iron nanoparticles entrapped in SiO2 sol-gel matrices: a catalyst for the reduction of several pollutants
Catal. Commun.
Ultrasound assisted zero valent iron corrosion for peroxymonosulfate activation for Rhodamine-B degradation
Chemosphere
Zero-valent iron activated persulfate remediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-contaminated soils: An in situ pilot-scale study
Chem. Eng. J.
Bisphenol A degradation enhanced by air bubbles via advanced oxidation using in situ generated ferrous ions from nano zero-valent iron/palygorskite composite materials
Chem. Eng. J.
Current trends in the use of zero-valent iron (Fe0) for degradation of pharmaceuticals present in different water matrices
Trends Environ. Anal. Chem.
Impact of zero valent iron/persulfate preoxidation on disinfection byproducts through chlorination of alachlor
Chem. Eng. J.
A comparative study on the activation of persulfate by bare and surface-stabilized nanoscale zero-valent iron for the removal of sulfamethazine
Sep. Purif. Technol.
Enhanced oxidation of erythromycin by persulfate activated iron powder–H2O2 system: role of the surface Fe species and synergistic effect of hydroxyl and sulfate radicals
Chem. Eng. J.
Insights into the mechanism of non-radical activation of persulfate via activated carbon for the degradation of p-chloroaniline
Chem. Eng. J.
Synergistic degradation of chloramphenicol by ultrasound-enhanced nanoscale zero-valent iron/persulfate treatment
Sep. Purif. Technol.
pH-dependent degradation of acid orange II by zero-valent iron in presence of oxygen
Sep. Purif. Technol.
Electro-Fenton catalyzed with magnetic chitosan beads for the removal of chlordimeform insecticide
Appl. Catal. B
Remediating sulfadimethoxine-contaminated aquaculture wastewater using ZVI-activated persulfate in a flow-through system
Aquac. Eng.
Rational synthesis of micronano dendritic ZVI@Fe3O4 modified with carbon quantum dots and oxygen vacancies for accelerating Fenton-like oxidation
Sci. Total Environ.
Cited by (60)
Preparation of Co-C/N flower-like single-atom catalysts via TCPP coordination confinement for enhanced activation of peroxymonosulfate
2024, Journal of Alloys and CompoundsHydroxyl and sulfate radical-based degradation of ciprofloxacin using UV-C and/or Fe<sup>2+</sup>-catalyzed peroxymonosulfate: Effects of process parameters and toxicity evaluation
2024, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry