The empirical cross section behavior of (d, 3n) reaction for 20±1.5 MeV energy

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Highlights

  • A new empirical (d, 3n) cross section formulae systematic have been developed at 45≤A≤112 mass range for 20 ± 1.5 MeV incident deuterium energy.

  • Also, (d, 3n) systematic have been grouped according to Even-N and Odd-Z numbers around 45≤A≤209 mass range.

  • The Levkovskii asymmetry (N-Z/A) parameter have been used to improve empirical (d, 3n) cross section formula systemic.

  • The results obtained using these formulae have been compared with the EXFOR data.

Abstract

Many nuclear reaction cross-section formalism has been developed for particle induced reaction up to date. In this study, a new empirical (d, 3n) cross section formulae systematic have been developed at 45≤A≤112 mass range for 20 ± 1.5 MeV incident deuterium energy. Also, (d, 3n) systematic have been grouped according to Even-N and Odd-Z numbers around 45≤A≤209 mass range. The Levkovskii asymmetry (N-Z/A) parameter have been used to improve empirical (d, 3n) cross section formula systemic. By using obtained new (d, 3n) empirical formulae systematics, theoretical (d, 3n) cross section calculations are made and the results have been found good agreement with the EXFOR data.

Introduction

Deuteron-induced reaction research in different energies have great importance in international large-scale strategic research projects such as ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor), IFMIF (International Fusion Material Irradiation Facility), and SPIRAL-2 (Système de Production d’Ions Radioactifs en Ligne) (Avrigeanuet al., 2012; Yiğit and Tel, 2014-a; Yiğit and Tel, 2014-b). It is important to know the deuteron cross sections correctly in the research and development stages of many structural materials and a number of key technologies (Avrigeanuet al., 2012; Yiğit and Tel, 2014-a; Yiğit and Tel, 2014-b). Also, deuteron-induced cross section reactions are less known than, for example, neutron induced reactions. Therefore, it has great importance to place on further measurements as well as advanced model calculations that can define experimental data so that deuteron data libraries approach standards of known particle libraries (Avrigeanuet al., 2012; Yiğit and Tel, 2014-a; Yiğit and Tel, 2014-b).

Accurate identification of deuteron-nucleus interactions is important for verifying reaction patterns and providing the necessary accurate data to research projects (Avrigeanuet al., 2012). Also, Deuterium reactions occur in stars and some sub-stellar objects when a proton and a deuterium merge to form a 3He nucleus (McCracken and Stott, 2005; LeBlanc, 2010). The deuterons have weak binding energy and therefore they are complementary in various complex interaction processes initiated by neutrons and protons (Avrigeanuet al., 2012). Thus, deuterium reactions are important for the correct identification of the element and energy production processes in the stars (McCracken and Stott, 2005).

In this study, we examined the deuterium-induced (d, 3n) reaction cross section in 20 ± 1.5 MeV of deuterium energy for 45≤A≤209 mass region that have experimental data in the literature. This formula systematic has been grouped to 45≤A≤112 mass ranges depending on Levkovski's original asymmetry parameter formulae ((N–Z)/A) (Levkovskii, 1964a, 1974a). Also, it has been grouped too as Even-N and Odd-Z numbers for 45≤A≤209 mass region. The results obtained using these formulae have been compared with the EXFOR data.

Section snippets

Cross section formula systematic

Many different parameter-dependent empirical or semi-empirical cross-section formulae are available in the literature (Ait-Tahar, 1987; Konobeyev and Korovin, 1995; Belgaid and Asghar, 1998a; Kumabe and Fukuda, 1987; Levkovskii, 1964b; Levkovskii, 1974b; Manokhin et al., 2001; Telet al, 2003; Telet al., 2018; Aydınet al., 2008; Kavun et al., 2020). These, the basic nucleon–nucleus interaction, the binding energy systematics, particle emission spectra have an importance to understood of

Results and discussion

As a well candidate to produce nuclear energy, the deuteron is widely used to produce neutrons via the deuteron-induced nuclear reactions and to produce medical radioisotopes etc (Fuladvandet al., 2013). Due to the low binding energy of deuteron, it contributes significantly to the cross section of these nuclear reactions. In order to determine the formation of a compound nucleus, the elastic breakup, the competition between the absorption of a neutron or a proton and the absorption of deuteron

Conclusion

In this study, the empirical cross section behavior of (d, 3n) reaction for 20 ± 1.5 MeV energy have been investigated and then developed a new formulae systematic for 45≤A≤112 and 45≤A≤209 (even N-odd Z). By using new obtained formulae, theoretical calculations have been done in Table 1, Table 2 According to these mass ranges, (d, 3n) empirical formulas including new correlation coefficients have been obtained.

For 45≤A≤112 mass range formula, EXFOR data is fitted according to asymmetry

Authorship contributions

Yusuf Kavun: Software, Data curation, Validation, Supervision, Methodology, Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing- Original draft preparation.

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgements

All persons who have made substantial contributions to the work reported in the manuscript (e.g., technical help, writing and editing assistance, general support), but who do not meet the criteria for authorship, are named in the Acknowledgements and have given us their written permission to be named. If we have not included an Acknowledgements, then that indicates that we have not received substantial contributions from non-authors.

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