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Fagus sylvatica L. Peripheral Populations in the Mediterranean Iberian Peninsula: Climatic or Anthropic Relicts?

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Abstract

European beech is a temperate species with peripheral populations in the Mediterranean mountains. These Mediterranean beech forests have often been interpreted as climatic relicts. However, the use of this term does not always seem appropriate because their recent post-glacial expansion in the Iberian Peninsula makes it difficult to disentangle the effects of climate from those associated with land use. Moreover, the observed recovery of Mediterranean beech forests after land-use abandonment is not what might be expected of a climatic relict. Our objective is to clarify this issue by studying one of these Mediterranean “relict” populations located at the south-western margin of this species (Iberian Central Range), discriminating between subpopulations with dissimilar land-use legacies. Differences between the climatic range of this population and the rest of the European beech forests were explored. Historic and recent shifts in the species distribution area were studied by reviewing paleorecords from the literature and contrasting historical and recent cartography. Field data on population structure and demography were also examined. The climatic analyses do not point to climatic marginality of the peripheral population studied. Furthermore, the results revealed no evidence of reduction in area or confinement over recent decades. Contrary to what is expected for climatic relict species under current climate, beech is expanding in the studied mountain following the abandonment of traditional land uses, particularly since the middle of the twentieth century CE. Our results do not support the concept of a climatic relict but rather, they point to the importance of anthropogenic legacies to explain the distribution area, population dynamics and current conservation status of Mediterranean beech forests.

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Acknowledgements

We thank José Juárez Benítez, director of the Sierra Norte de Guadalajara Natural Park, for all the facilities and support given. Field work assistance by Diego Galán, Belén Oñate and Gregorio Cerezo from Tejera Negra Natural Park, and by Pablo Castro Sánchez-Bermejo from UCM is also much appreciated. We also thank César Morales-Molino and one anonymous reviewer for their thoughtful comments on previous versions of the manuscript that have contributed to improve it significantly.

Funding

This work was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and University through Projects: AGL2013-46028-R (SCALyFOR), AGL2016-76769-C2-1-R (FORESTCHANGE) and AGL2014-61175-(MEDFORMEC).

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Author notes

  1. Author Contributions RSD, LHM, HSO, GGI and FM designed the study; All authors collected data; LH and GGI analysed dendroecological information; CG and JCV digitized old cartography; CG analysed remote sensing data; RSD, LHM and FM performed statistical analysis; RSD and LH wrote the paper with inputs and edits by all others. LH and RSD contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, C/Jose Antonio Novais 12, 28040, Madrid, Spain

    Rut Sánchez de Dios & Juan Carlos Velázquez

  2. INIA-CIFOR, Ctra. La Coruña, Km 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain

    Cristina Gómez, Isabel Aulló, Isabel Cañellas, Guillermo Gea-Izquierdo, Fernando Montes & Laura Hernández

  3. Department of Biology (Botánica), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Darwin 2, 28049, Madrid, Spain

    Helios Sainz-Ollero

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Sánchez de Dios, R., Gómez, C., Aulló, I. et al. Fagus sylvatica L. Peripheral Populations in the Mediterranean Iberian Peninsula: Climatic or Anthropic Relicts?. Ecosystems 24, 211–226 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-020-00513-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-020-00513-8

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