Abstract
In view of the large scientific and technical interest in the frequency-selective all-optical devices, and some optical filters limitations, we focus on the design and analysis of a novel ultra-narrowband all-optical filter. The proposed structure consists of input/output waveguides and a resonator in a microstructured photonic crystal that encompasses silicon rods. We study the effects of the variations of rod radius, the lattice constant, and the refractive index of the filter on the resonance wavelength, quality factor, transmission, and full width at half maximum (FWHM) by solving Maxwell’s equations using the finite-difference time-domain method. The numerical results show that the proposed filter with a lattice constant of a = 540 nm, central resonant rod radius of 216 nm, and the rod radius of r = 0.2a has a resonant wavelength of λr = 1253 nm, the quality factor of Qf = 3288, FWHM of 0.26 nm and broad free spectral range of FSR = 790 nm while this filter for r = 0.26a has λr = 1552 nm, Qf = 5542, FWHM of 0.28 nm, and FSR = 720 nm. Some promising characteristics, such as its short propagation time and a small area of 102.6 µm2 make this optical filter an interesting candidate for use in photonic integrated chips.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aliee, M., Mozaffari, M.H., Saghaei, H.: Dispersion-flattened photonic quasicrystal optofluidic fiber for telecom C operation. Appl Photonics Nanostructures Fundam (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.photonics.2020.100797
Alipour-Banaei, H., Jahanara, M., Mehdizadeh, F.: T-shaped channel drop filter based on photonic crystal ring resonator. Optik (Stuttg) 125(18), 5348–5351 (2014)
Alipour-Banaei, H., Mehdizadeh, F., Serajmohammadi, S., Hassangholizadeh-Kashtiban, M.: A 2* 4 all optical decoder switch based on photonic crystal ring resonators. J. Mod. Opt. 62(6), 430–434 (2015)
Asgari, S., Granpayeh, N.: Tunable plasmonic dual wavelength multi/demultiplexer based on graphene sheets and cylindrical resonator. Opt. Commun. 393, 5–10 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2017.02.018
Beggs, D.M., White, T.P., Cairns, L., O’Faolain, L., Krauss, T.F.: Demonstration of an integrated optical switch in a silicon photonic crystal directional coupler. Phys. E Low-Dimensional Syst. Nanostructures 41(6), 1111–1114 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physe.2008.08.034
Cheng, R., Chrostowski, L.: Apodization of silicon integrated bragg gratings through periodic phase modulation. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 26(2), 1–15 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2019.2929698
Chiu, W.-Y., et al.: A photonic crystal ring resonator formed by SOI nano-rods. Opt. Express 15(23), 15500–15506 (2007)
Ebnali-Heidari, M., Saghaei, H., Koohi-Kamali, F., Naser Moghadasi, M., Moravvej-Farshi, M.K.: Proposal for Supercontinuum Generation by Optofluidic Infiltrated Photonic Crystal Fibers. IEEE J Sel. Top. Quantum Electron (2014). https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2014.2307313
Elsherbeni, A.Z., Demir, V.: The finite-difference time-domain method for electromagnetics with MATLAB simulations (2009)
Fasihi, K.: All-optical analog-to-digital converters based on cascaded 3-dB power splitters in 2D photonic crystals. Optik (Stuttg) 125(21), 6520–6523 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2014.08.030
Fleming, J.G., Lin, S.Y., El-Kady, I., Biswas, R., Ho, K.M.: All-metallic three-dimensional photonic crytal with a large infrared bandgap. Nature 417(6884), 52–55 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1038/417052a
Gauthier, R.C., Mnaymneh, K.: Photonic band gap properties of 12-fold quasi-crystal determined through FDTD analysis. Opt. Express 13(6), 1985–1998 (2005)
Ghanbari, A., Kashaninia, A., Sadr, A., Saghaei, H.: Supercontinuum generation with femtosecond optical pulse compression in silicon photonic crystal fibers at 2500 nm. Opt. Quantum Electron. (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-018-1651-5
Guo, Y., Zhang, S., Li, J., Li, S., Cheng, T.: A sensor-compatible polarization filter based on photonic crystal fiber with dual-open-ring channel by surface plasmon resonance. Optik (Stuttg) 193, 162868 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2019.05.074
Heebner, J.E., Wong, V., Schweinsberg, A., Boyd, R.W., Jackson, D.J.: Optical transmission characteristics of fiber ring resonators. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 40(6), 726–730 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1109/JQE.2004.828232
Jágerská, J., Zhang, H., Diao, Z., Le Thomas, N., Houdré, R.: Refractive index sensing with an air-slot photonic crystal nanocavity. Opt. Lett. 35(15), 2523 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1364/ol.35.002523
Jiao, D., Jin, J.M., Michielssen, E., Riley, D.J.: Time-domain finite-element simulation of three-dimensional scattering and radiation problems using perfectly matched layers. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 51(2), 296–305 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2003.809096
Joannopoulos, J.D., Villeneuve, P.R., Fan, S.: Photonic crystals: putting a new twist on light. Nature 386(6621), 143–149 (1997)
Kalantari, M., Karimkhani, A., Saghaei, H.: Ultra-Wide mid-IR supercontinuum generation in As 2 S 3 photonic crystal fiber by rods filling technique. Optik (Stuttg) 158(24), 142–151 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2017.12.014
Karkhanehchi, M.M., Parandin, F., Zahedi, A.: Design of an all optical half-adder based on 2D photonic crystals. Photonic Netw. Commun. 33(2), 159–165 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11107-016-0629-0
Knight, J.C.: Photonic crystal fibres. Nature 424(6950), 847–851 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01940
Koshiba, M.: Wavelength division multiplexing and demultiplexing with photonic crystal waveguide couplers. J. Light. Technol. 19(12), 1970–1975 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1109/50.971693
Kowsari, A., Saghaei, H.: Resonantly enhanced all-optical switching in microfibre Mach-Zehnder interferometers. Electron. Lett. 54(4), 229–231 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1049/el.2017.4056
Liu, Y., Salemink, H.W.M.: Photonic crystal-based all-optical on-chip sensor. Opt. Express 20(18), 19912–19920 (2012)
Mahmoud, M.Y., Bassou, G., Metehri, F.: Channel drop filter using photonic crystal ring resonators for CWDM communication systems. Optik (Stuttg) 125(17), 4718–4721 (2014)
Mansouri-Birjandi, M.A., Tavousi, A., Ghadrdan, M.: Full-optical tunable add/drop filter based on nonlinear photonic crystal ring resonators. Photonics Nanostructures Fundam. Appl. 21, 44–51 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.photonics.2016.06.002
Manzacca, G., Paciotti, D., Marchese, A., Moreolo, M.S., Cincotti, G.: 2D photonic crystal cavity-based WDM multiplexer. Photonics Nanostructures-Fundamentals Appl., vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 164–170, (2007)
McNab, S., Moll, N., Vlasov, Y.: Ultra-low loss photonic integrated circuit with membrane-type photonic crystal waveguides. Opt. Express 11(22), 2927 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.11.002927
Mehdizadeh, F., Soroosh, M.: A new proposal for eight-channel optical demultiplexer based on photonic crystal resonant cavities. Photonic Netw. Commun. 31(1), 65–70 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11107-015-0531-1
Mehdizadeh, F., Alipour-Banaei, H., Serajmohammadi, S.: Channel-drop filter based on a photonic crystal ring resonator. J. Opt. 15(7), 75401 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/2040-8978/15/7/075401
Mehdizadeh, F., Soroosh, M., Alipour-Banaei, H.: A novel proposal for optical decoder switch based on photonic crystal ring resonators. Opt. Quantum Electron. 48(1), 1–9 (2016a). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-015-0313-0
Mehdizadeh, F., Soroosh, M., Alipour-Banaei, H.: An optical demultiplexer based on photonic crystal ring resonators. Optik (Stuttg) 127(20), 8706–8709 (2016b). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2016.06.086
Mehdizadeh, F., Soroosh, M., Alipour-Banaei, H.: Proposal for 4-to-2 optical encoder based on photonic crystals. IET Optoelectron. 11(1), 29–35 (2017a). https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-opt.2016.0022
Mehdizadeh, F., Soroosh, M., Alipour-Banaei, H., Farshidi, E.: All optical 2-bit analog to digital converter using photonic crystal based cavities. Opt. Quantum Electron. 49(1), 38 (2017b). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-016-0880-8
Moloudian, G., Sabbaghi-Nadooshan, R., Hassangholizadeh-Kashtiban, M.: Design of all-optical tunable filter based on two-dimensional photonic crystals for WDM (wave division multiplexing) applications. J. Chinese Inst. Eng. 39(8), 971–976 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1080/02533839.2016.1215937
Moniem, T.A.: All-optical digital 4 × 2 encoder based on 2D photonic crystal ring resonators. J. Mod. Opt. 63(8), 735–741 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1080/09500340.2015.1094580
Naghizade, S., Saghaei, H.: Tunable graphene-on-insulator band-stop filter at the mid-infrared region. Opt. Quantum Electron. 52(4), 224 (2020a). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-020-02350-4
Naghizade, S., Saghaei, H.: A novel design of all-optical half adder using a linear defect in a square lattice rod-based photonic crystal microstructure. arXiv Prepr. arXiv2002.04535, (2020b)
Naghizade, S., Sattari-Esfahlan, S.M.: Loss-less elliptical channel drop filter for WDM applications. J. Opt. Commun. 40(4), 379–384 (2017a). https://doi.org/10.1515/joc-2017-0088
Naghizade, S., Sattari-Esfahlan, S.M.: High-performance ultra-compact communication triplexer on silicon-on-insulator photonic crystal structure. Photonic Netw. Commun. 34(3), 445–450 (2017b). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11107-017-0702-3
Naghizade, S., Sattari-Esfahlan, S.M.: An optical five channel demultiplexer-based simple photonic crystal ring resonator for wdm applications. J. Opt. Commun. 41(1), 37–43 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1515/joc-2017-0129
Naghizade, S., Sattari-Esfahlan, S.M.: Excellent quality factor ultra-compact optical communication filter on ring-shaped cavity. J. Opt. Commun. 40(1), 21–25 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1515/joc-2017-0035
Nair, R.V., Vijaya, R.: Photonic crystal sensors: An overview. Prog. Quantum Electron. 34(3), 89–134 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pquantelec.2010.01.001
Olyaee, S., Mohsenirad, H., Mohebzadeh-Bahabady, A.: Photonic Crystal Chemical/Biochemical Sensors. In: Mohsenirad, H. (ed.) Progresses in Chemical Sensor p. 3. Rijeka, IntechOpen (2016)
Parandin, F., Karkhanehchi, M.M., Naseri, M., Zahedi, A.: Design of a high bitrate optical decoder based on photonic crystals. J. Comput. Electron. 17(2), 830–836 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10825-018-1147-3
Qiang, Z., Zhou, W., Soref, R.A.: Optical add-drop filters based on photonic crystal ring resonators. Opt. Express 15(4), 1823 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1364/oe.15.001823
Rabus, D.G., Hamacher, M., Troppenz, U., Heidrich, H.: High-Q channel-dropping filters using ring resonators with integrated SOAs. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 14(10), 1442–1444 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2002.802375
Raei, R., Ebnali-Heidari, M., Saghaei, H.: Supercontinuum generation in organic liquid–liquid core-cladding photonic crystal fiber in visible and near-infrared regions: publisher’s note. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 35(7), 1545 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1364/josab.35.001545
Rakhshani, M.R., Mansouri-Birjandi, M.A.: Realization of tunable optical filter by photonic crystal ring resonators. Optik (Stuttg) 124(22), 5377–5380 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2013.03.114
Rakhshani, M.R., Mansouri-Birjandi, M.A.: Design and simulation of four-channel wavelength demultiplexer based on photonic crystal circular ring resonators for optical communications. J. Opt. Commun. 35(1), 9–15 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1515/joc-2013-0022
Rashki, Z.: Novel design for photonic crystal ring resonators based optical channel drop filter. J. Optoelectron. Nanostructures 3(3), 59–78 (2018)
Rezaee, S., Zavvari, M., Alipour-Banaei, H.: A novel optical filter based on H-shape photonic crystal ring resonators. Optik (Stuttg) 126(20), 2535–2538 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2015.06.043
Rostami, A., Rostami, G.: Full optical analog to digital (A/D) converter based on Kerr-like nonlinear ring resonator. Opt. Commun. 228(1–3), 39–48 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2003.09.085
Saghaei, H.: Supercontinuum source for dense wavelength division multiplexing in square photonic crystal fiber via fluidic infiltration approach. Radioengineering 26(1), 16–22 (2017). https://doi.org/10.13164/re.2017.0016
Saghaei, H.: Dispersion-engineered microstructured optical fiber for mid-infrared supercontinuum generation. Appl. Opt. 57(20), 5591 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1364/ao.57.005591
Saghaei, H., Ghanbari, A.: White light generation using photonic crystal fiber with sub-micron circular lattice. J. Electr. Eng. 68(4), 282–289 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1515/jee-2017-0040
Saghaei, H., Van, V.: Broadband mid-infrared supercontinuum generation in dispersion-engineered silicon-on-insulator waveguide. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 36(2), A193 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1364/josab.36.00a193
Saghaei, H., Ebnali-Heidari, M., Moravvej-Farshi, M.K.: Midinfrared supercontinuum generation via As_2Se_3 chalcogenide photonic crystal fibers. Appl. Opt. 54(8), 2072 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1364/ao.54.002072
Saghaei, H., Moravvej-Farshi, M.K., Ebnali-Heidari, M., Moghadasi, M.N.: Ultra-wide mid-infrared supercontinuum generation in chalcogenide fibers: solid core PCF versus SIF. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2015.2477048
Saghaei, H., Zahedi, A., Karimzadeh, R., Parandin, F.: Line defects on photonic crystals for the design of all-optical power splitters and digital logic gates. Superlattices Microstruct. 110, 133–138 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spmi.2017.08.052
Saghaei, H., Elyasi, P., Karimzadeh, R.: Design, fabrication, and characterization of Mach-Zehnder interferometers. Photonics Nanostructures Fundam. Appl. 37, 100733 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.photonics.2019.100733
Sakoda, K.: Optical Properties of Photonic Crystals. Springer Science & Business Media, New York (2001)
Salimzadeh, S., Alipour-Banaei, H.: A novel proposal for all optical 3 to 8 decoder based on nonlinear ring resonators. J. Mod. Opt. 65(17), 2017–2024 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1080/09500340.2018.1489077
Salmanpour, A., Mohammadnejad, S., Omran, P.T.: All-optical photonic crystal NOT and OR logic gates using nonlinear Kerr effect and ring resonators. Opt. Quantum Electron. 47(12), 3689–3703 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-015-0238-7
Sani, M.H., Tabrizi, A.A., Saghaei, H., Karimzadeh, R.: An ultrafast all-optical half adder using nonlinear ring resonators in photonic crystal microstructure. Opt. Quantum Electron. 52(2), 107 (2020a). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-020-2233-x
Sani, M.H., Khosroabadi, S., Nasserian, M.: High performance of an all-optical two-bit analog-to-digital converter based on Kerr effect nonlinear nanocavities. Appl. Opt. 59(4), 1049–1057 (2020b)
Sani, M.H., Khosroabadi, S., Shokouhmand, A.: A novel design for 2-bit optical analog to digital (A/D) converter based on nonlinear ring resonators in the photonic crystal structure. Opt. Commun. 458, 124760 (2020c). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2019.124760
Shaverdi, A., Soroosh, M., Namjoo, E.: Quality factor enhancement of optical channel drop filters based on photonic crystal ring resonators. Int. J. Opt. Photonics 12(2), 129–136 (2018)
Shen, F., Wang, A.: Frequency-estimation-based signal-processing algorithm for white-light optical fiber Fabry-Perot interferometers. Appl. Opt. 44(25), 5206–5214 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.44.005206
Tabrizi, A.A., Pahlavan, A.: Efficiency improvement of a silicon-based thin-film solar cell using plasmonic silver nanoparticles and an antireflective layer. Opt. Commun. 454, 124437 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2019.124437
Tavakoli, F., Zarrabi, F.B., Saghaei, H.: Modeling and analysis of high-sensitivity refractive index sensors based on plasmonic absorbers with Fano response in the near-infrared spectral region. Appl. Opt. 58(20), 5404–5414 (2019)
Tavousi, A., Mansouri-Birjandi, M.A., Saffari, M.: Successive approximation-like 4-bit full-optical analog-to-digital converter based on Kerr-like nonlinear photonic crystal ring resonators. Phys. E Low-Dimen. Syst. Nanostructures 83, 101–106 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physe.2016.04.007
Vaisi, A., Soroosh, M., Mahmoudi, A.: Low loss and high-quality factor optical filter using photonic crystal-based resonant cavity. J. Opt. Commun. 39(3), 285–288 (2018)
Vali-Nasab, A.M., Mir, A., Talebzadeh, R.: Design and simulation of an all optical full-adder based on photonic crystals. Opt. Quantum Electron. (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-019-1881-1
Vlasov, Y.A., O’Boyle, M., Hamann, H.F., McNab, S.J.: Active control of slow light on a chip with photonic crystal waveguides. Nature 438(7064), 65–69 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04210
Wang, Y., Chen, D., Zhang, G., Wang, J., Tao, S.: A super narrow band filter based on silicon 2D photonic crystal resonator and reflectors. Opt. Commun. 363, 13–20 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2015.10.070
Xavier, S.C., Carolin, B.E., Kabilan, A.P., Johnson, W.: Compact photonic crystal integrated circuit for all-optical logic operation. IET Optoelectron. 10(4), 142–147 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-opt.2015.0072
Yablonovitch, E.: Photonic band-gap crystals. J. Phys. Condens. Matter 5(16), 2443 (1993)
Youssefi, B., Moravvej-Farshi, M.K., Granpayeh, N.: Two bit all-optical analog-to-digital converter based on nonlinear Kerr effect in 2D photonic crystals. Opt. Commun. 285(13–14), 3228–3233 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2012.02.081
Zamani, M.: Photonic crystal-based optical filters for operating in second and third optical fiber windows. Superlattices Microstruct. 92, 157–165 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spmi.2016.02.025
Zhang, S., Li, J., Zhang, Z., Guo, Y., Wang, Y., Li, S.: Dual communication windows polarization filter based on photonic crystal fiber with nano-scale gold film. Opt. Fiber Technol. 46, 282–286 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yofte.2018.11.016
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hosseinzadeh Sani, M., Ghanbari, A. & Saghaei, H. An ultra-narrowband all-optical filter based on the resonant cavities in rod-based photonic crystal microstructure. Opt Quant Electron 52, 295 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-020-02418-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-020-02418-1