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Racial differences of early vascular aging in children and adolescents

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Abstract

The prevalence of non-communicable disease (NCDs) is rising globally, with a large burden recorded in sub-Saharan countries and populations of black race/ethnicity. Accelerated vascular deterioration, otherwise known as early vascular aging (EVA), is the underlying factor for highly prevalent NCDs such as hypertension. The etiology of EVA is multifactorial with a central component being arterial stiffness with subsequent development of hypertension and cardiovascular complications. Although arterial stiffness develops with increasing age, many children and adolescents are subjected to the premature development of arterial stiffness, due to genetic or epigenetic predispositions, lifestyle and behavioral risk factors, and early life programming. Race/ethnic differences in pediatric populations have also been reported with higher aortic stiffness in black (African American) compared with age-matched white (European American) counterparts independent of blood pressure, body mass index, or socioeconomic status. With known evidence of race/ethnic differences in EVA, the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying graded differences in the programming of EVA are still sparse and rarely explored. This educational review aims to address the early life determinants of EVA in children and adolescents with a particular focus on racial or ethnic differences.

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Funding

Ruan Kruger is funded by the Department of Science and Technology as the South African Research Chair (SARChI) in the Early Detection and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in South Africa – hosted by the Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART) at the North-West University. He is also a senior member of the South African Medical Research Council Extramural Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease.

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  1. Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART), North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa

    Ruan Kruger & Lebo Francina Gafane-Matemane

  2. MRC Research Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa

    Ruan Kruger & Lebo Francina Gafane-Matemane

  3. Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

    Juliana Kagura

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  1. Ruan Kruger
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Kruger, R., Gafane-Matemane, L.F. & Kagura, J. Racial differences of early vascular aging in children and adolescents. Pediatr Nephrol 36, 1087–1108 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-020-04593-5

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