Trends in Biotechnology
OpinionSpecial Issue: Therapeutic BiomanufacturingRethinking Cancer Immunotherapy by Embracing and Engineering Complexity
Section snippets
Complexity and Its Relevance to Cancer Immunotherapy
Immunotherapy is widely regarded as one of the most important breakthroughs in cancer therapy, demonstrated by encouraging clinical results for checkpoint inhibitors (see Glossary) [1] and T cell-based adoptive cell transfer (ACT) [2]. ACT involves direct use of immune cells to eradicate cancer cells. Three types of ACT are currently being developed for immunotherapy – tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), T cell receptor (TCR)-transduced T cells, and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells.
Cell Fate Determination: a Dynamical Systems Perspective
Optimisation of T cell phenotype for ACT requires a holistic approach. Its applicability to biology was proposed by Conrad Waddington >80 years ago: ‘to say that an animal is an organism means in fact two things: firstly, that it is a system made up of separate parts, and secondly, that in order to describe fully how any one part works one has to refer either to the whole system or to the other parts’ [22]. Here, Waddington was describing precisely the irreducible characteristics of complex
Controlling T Cell Fate with Engineered Extracellular Matrix Cues
Although systematic and predictive control over cell type is attractive for ACT, current protocols for reprogramming often rely on gene delivery methods (e.g., viral transduction) and/or cocktails of soluble factors that increase manufacturing cost and time. Elsewhere, physical cues are increasingly exploited to guide, and improve the efficiency of, cell reprogramming of adult stem cells and iPSCs [29]. It might, therefore, be beneficial for ACT to venture beyond the molecule-centric paradigm
Systems Thinking to Address ACT Supply and Manufacturing Challenges
Cell fate control represents only a subset of challenges associated with deploying ACT. Beyond manipulating biological networks, systems thinking can also be applied on a larger scale to improve the vein-to-vein supply network of ACT. The complexity of many artificial systems in today’s hyperconnected world is increasingly approaching that of biological systems [40,41]. This highlights the difficulty in manufacturing and supplying ACT therapies where artificial and biological components
Bridging Natural and Human-Engineered Networks
In contrast to the traditional, linear pharmaceutical manufacturing model, distributed manufacturing (Figure 3) could be adopted to improve the service of ACT in the age of Industry 4.0. Here, we describe how this new manufacturing concept could be technically implemented on various fronts.
Applying systems thinking, the vein-to-vein supply network can be rewired to push both production and customisation capabilities out to the end users (clinicians, in this context). This would reduce costs by
Concluding Remarks
Both the natural and human-engineered worlds tend to form networks. These networks lead to complex systems, which exhibit emergent properties: they contain irreducible levels of organisation, unamenable to reductive analysis. In biology, networks manifest across multiple scales in the form of interacting molecules, cells, tissues, and organs. Similarly, humans have self-assembled into, or created, physical and digital networks, such as social networks, logistic networks, power grids, the World
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) (grant number BB/M009513/1). M.C., M.O.C. and R.D. also gratefully acknowledge support from the EPSRC via 'Frontier Engineering' and 'Frontier Engineering: Progression' awards (grant numbers EP/K038656/1 and EP/S03305X/1).
Glossary
- Ancillary material
- a material or reagent used in manufacturing that has an effect on the cell therapy product, but not intended to be part of the final product.
- Checkpoint inhibitors
- antibody-based therapeutics that act by blocking cell surface proteins, known as immune checkpoints (e.g., PD-L1), commonly utilised by tumours to deactivate T cells and achieve immune escape. The blockade of checkpoints provides a means to restore immunogenicity.
- Coevolution
- two or more agents of a system change/adapt
References (75)
- et al.
CD8+ T cells and NK cells: parallel and complementary soldiers of immunotherapy
Curr. Opin. Chem. Eng.
(2018) Phase 1 studies of central memory-derived CD19 CAR T–cell therapy following autologous HSCT in patients with B-cell NHL
Blood
(2016)- et al.
How to escape the cancer attractor: Rationale and limitations of multi-target drugs
Semin. Cancer Biol.
(2013) Biophysical regulation of cell reprogramming
Curr. Opin. Chem. Eng.
(2017)- et al.
Comparison of anti-CD3 and anti-CD28-coated beads with soluble anti-CD3 for expanding human T cells: Differing impact on CD8 T cell phenotype and responsiveness to restimulation
J. Transl. Med.
(2010) Mitochondrial dynamics controls T cell fate through metabolic programming
Cell
(2016)The alphabeta T cell receptor is an anisotropic mechanosensor
J. Biol. Chem.
(2009)Mechanosensing in T lymphocyte activation
Biophys. J.
(2012)- et al.
The principles of engineering immune cells to treat cancer
Cell
(2017) Cells as advanced therapeutics: state-of-the-art, challenges, and opportunities in large scale biomanufacturing of high-quality cells for adoptive immunotherapies
Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev.
(2017)
Biomaterials for vaccine-based cancer immunotherapy
J. Control. Release
3D printing of hydrogels: rational design strategies and emerging biomedical applications
Mater. Sci. Eng. R. Rep.
Evaluation of safety of automated wearable artificial kidney (AWAK) device in peritoneal dialysis patients
Kidney Int. Rep.
Label-free identification of activated T lymphocytes through tridimensional microsensors on chip
Biosens. Bioelectron.
A proposal for using the ensemble approach to understand genetic regulatory networks
J. Theor. Biol.
Cancer attractors: A systems view of tumors from a gene network dynamics and developmental perspective
Semin. Cell Dev. Biol.
A nature-inspired approach to reactor and catalysis engineering
Curr. Opin. Chem. Eng.
Tumor progression: chance and necessity in Darwinian and Lamarckian somatic (mutationless) evolution
Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol.
Cancer immunotherapy using checkpoint blockade
Science
Emerging cellular therapies for cancer
Annu. Rev. Immunol.
Tisagenlecleucel in children and young adults with B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia
N. Engl. J. Med.
Simple lessons from complexity
Science
Universal properties of mythological networks
EPL
Complexity theory and financial regulation
Science
The Origins of Order: Self-Organization and Selection in Evolution
Complexity : The Emerging Science at the Edge of Order and Chaos
The limits of reductionism in medicine: could systems biology offer an alternative?
PLoS Med.
The rational design of biological complexity: a deceptive metaphor
Complex gene regulatory networks – from structure to biological observables: cell fate determination gene regulation, cell fate determination
Cell fates as high-dimensional attractor states of a complex gene regulatory network
Phys. Rev. Lett.
Analyses of repeated failures in cancer therapy for solid tumors: poor tumor-selective drug delivery, low therapeutic efficacy and unsustainable costs
Clin. Transl. Med.
Precision oncology: between vaguely right and precisely wrong
Cancer Res.
Hyperprogressive disease in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer treated with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors or with single-agent chemotherapy
JAMA Oncol.
Chimeric antigen receptor T cell persistence and memory cell formation
Immunol. Cell Biol.
Induction of a central memory and stem cell memory phenotype in functionally active CD4+ and CD8+ CAR T cells produced in an automated good manufacturing practice system for the treatment of CD19+ acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Cancer Immunol. Immunother.
Identification and selective expansion of functionally superior T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors
J. Transl. Med.
Pairing computation with experimentation: a powerful coupling for understanding T cell signalling
Nat. Rev. Immunol.
Cited by (9)
Adoptive cell therapy for solid tumors beyond CAR-T: Current challenges and emerging therapeutic advances
2024, Journal of Controlled ReleaseEmbracing complexity in biomaterials design
2022, Biomaterials and BiosystemsCitation Excerpt :This approach does not have to replace minimalistic strategies but rather offers opportunities to complement and enhance them. The need for embracing and engineering complexity is increasingly being recognized in fields expanding from precision medicine [7] to biofabrication [8]. In this perspective, we argue that new ways of thinking about materials design could offer solutions to major unmet needs.
Accelerating vein-to-vein cell therapy workflows with new bioanalytical strategies
2021, Current Opinion in BiotechnologyCitation Excerpt :While these direct patient interfaces are key to personalized cancer treatment, the strategy also presents several practical challenges, including harvest and cell expansion failures, product variability, and the need to outpace disease progression [5,6]. To overcome these obstacles to effective production of cell therapies, advanced bioanalytical tools are necessary to increase bioprocessing efficiencies, which will not only allow for timely therapeutic implementation, but also contribute to safe and effective outcomes [7]. Although the clinical success of cell therapies has improved substantially in recent years, many biomanufacturing bottlenecks remain.
Engineered hydrogels for mechanobiology
2022, Nature Reviews Methods PrimersPhytochemicals in cancer immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy
2021, BiomoleculesNature-Inspired Chemical Engineering for Process Intensification
2021, Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- @
Twitter: @MatthewHWChin (M.H.W. Chin), @GentlemanLab (E. Gentleman), and @UCLCNIE (M.-O. Coppens).