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Sky island diversification in the Merodon rufus group (Diptera, Syrphidae)—recent vicariance in south-east Europe

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Abstract

Climatic changes associated with Pleistocene glacial cycles had profound effects on the genetic diversification and distribution of many taxa, especially from environmentally sensitive habitats such as mountain regions. The DNA sequence data (mtCOI and 28S RNA genes) derived from the Merodon rufus group (Diptera: Syrphidae) in central, eastern, and southern Europe was analyzed. Environmental niche modeling (ENM) and coalescent simulations also were performed to describe diversification events previously recognized via morphological analysis and to elucidate its evolutionary mechanism. Results revealed that M. rufus group is composed of four well-supported lineages, three of which belong to new species from Mediterranean mountains, namely M. kozufensis sp. nova, M. olympius sp. nova, and M. orjensis sp. nova. According to the divergence time estimates, lineage diversification most probably occurred during the Pleistocene by the colonization model rather than the fragmentation of a widely distributed common ancestor’s range. ENM results showed potential overlap of climatic refugia on the Balkan Peninsula of the M. rufus group and the beech forests, suggesting a possible association with this habitat type. Merodon rufus Meigen, 1838 probably colonized further from these refugia and spread across other parts of Europe during the Holocene.

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Data availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available in the GenBank repository (see corresponding GenBank numbers in Supplementary file Table S1).

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Acknowledgments

We thank Dr. Thomas McGreevy Jr. (University of Rhode Island USA) for proof reading the English version.

Funding

This research was co-financed by the European Union (European Social Fund – ESF) and Greek national funds through the Operational Program “Education and Lifelong Learning” of the National Strategic Reference Framework THALES: POL-AEGIS, Grant number MIS 376737. Partial support was also provided by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia (Grant number 451-03-68/2020-14/ 200125), the Provincial Secretariat for Science and Technological Development (“Evaluation of ecological networks in AP Vojvodina as support for nature conservation” Grant No. 142-451-2591).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia

    Snežana Radenković, Ante Vujić, Mihajla Djan, Dubravka Milić & Sanja Veselić

  2. Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada

    Dragana Obreht Vidaković

  3. Zoology Unit, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

    Gunilla Ståhls

  4. Laboratory of Biogeography and Ecology, Department of Geography, University of the Aegean, Mytilene, Greece

    Theodora Petanidou

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  1. Snežana Radenković
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  3. Dragana Obreht Vidaković
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Correspondence to Snežana Radenković.

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Fig. S1

Neighbor-Joining evolutionary distance tree (NJ) of combined 3'- and 5'- fragments of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COI) and 28S rRNA gene. Bootstrap values ≥ 70% are shown at the nodes. (PDF 1617 kb)

Fig. S2

Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic tree (ML) based on the analysis of combined 3'- and 5'- fragments of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COI) and 28S rRNA gene. Bootstrap values ≥ 70% are shown at the nodes. (PDF 2742 kb)

Fig. S3

Gene trees of combined 3'- and 5'- fragments of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COI). (a) Neighbor-Joining tree (NJ) (bootstrap values ≥ 70% are shown at the nodes); (b) Maximum Likelihood tree (ML) (bootstrap values ≥ 70% are shown at the nodes); (c) Maximum parsimony strict-consensus tree (MP) (filled circles denote unique changes and open circles non-unique changes: 72 trees, length = 1,909 steps, CI = 35, RI = 64). (PDF 3559 kb)

Fig. S4

Gene trees of the 28S rRNA gene. (a) Neighbor-Joining tree (NJ) (bootstrap values ≥ 70% are shown at the nodes); (b) Maximum Likelihood tree (ML) (bootstrap values ≥ 70% are shown at the nodes); (c) Maximum parsimony strict-consensus tree (MP) (filled circles denote unique changes and open circles non-unique changes: 84 trees, length = 2,450 steps, CI = 60, RI = 81). (PDF 3225 kb)

Table S1

Data pertaining to the studied specimens of the Merodon rufus group and the corresponding GenBank accession numbers. (XLSX 49.2 kb)

Table S2

Initial set of 19 bioclimatic variables. The variables used for modeling current and past potential distribution of the Merodon rufus group are marked in bold. (DOCX 11 kb)

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Radenković, S., Vujić, A., Vidaković, D.O. et al. Sky island diversification in the Merodon rufus group (Diptera, Syrphidae)—recent vicariance in south-east Europe. Org Divers Evol 20, 345–368 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-020-00440-5

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