Skip to main content
Log in

Almost Entirely Empirical Estimation for Chemical Potential

  • NUCLEI, PARTICLES, FIELDS, GRAVITATION, AND ASTROPHYSICS
  • Published:
Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Based on statistical thermal approaches, the transverse momentum distribution of the well-identified produced particles, π+, π, K+, K, p, and \(\bar {p}\), is studied. We aim at introducing a novel almost entirely empirical estimation for the inclusive chemical potential μ. From the partition function of a grand-canonical ensemble, we propose a generic expression for the dependence of μ on the rapidity y. Then, by fitting this expression with the experimental results of the most central p and d2N/2πpdpdy, at 7.7, 11.5, 19.6, 27, 39, 130, 200 GeV, we introduce a generic expression for the rapidity dependence of for all particle yields, at different energies, μ = a + by2. The resulting energy dependence reads \(\sqrt {{{s}_{{{\text{NN}}}}}} \) = c[(μ – a)/b]d/2. As a validation test, we show that the proposed approach reproduces excellently the rapidity spectra of various particle yields measured, at different energies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.
Fig. 4.
Fig. 5.

Similar content being viewed by others

REFERENCES

  1. B. B. Back et al. (PHOBOS Collab.), Phys. Rev. C 65, 061901 (2002).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  2. S. Ahmad, A. Ahmad, A. Chandra, M. Zafar, and M. Irfan, Adv. High Energy Phys. 2013, 836071 (2013).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. A. Tawfik, M. Y. El-Bakry, D. M. Habashy, M. T. Mohamed, and E. Abbas, Int. J. Mod. Phys. E 25, 1650018 (2016).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  4. A. Tawfik, Phys. Rev. C 88, 035203 (2013).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  5. A. Tawfik, Nucl. Phys. A 922, 225 (2014).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  6. A. Tawfik, Adv. High Energy Phys. 2013, 574871 (2013).

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  7. A. Tawfik, Nucl. Phys. A 764, 387 (2006).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  8. A. Tawfik, Europhys. Lett. 75, 420 (2006).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  9. A. Tawfik, J. Phys. G 31, S1105 (2005).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  10. J. P. Bondorf, S. Garpman, and J. Zimanyi, Nucl. Phys. A 296, 320 (1978).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  11. A. N. Tawfik, Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 29, 1430021 (2014).

    Article  ADS  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  12. J. Letessier, J. Rafelski, and A. Tounsi, Phys. Rev. C 50, 406 (1994).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  13. J. Adam et al. (ALICE Collab.), Nat. Phys. 13, 535 (2017).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. J. Cleymans and K. Redlich, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 5284 (1998).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  15. V. Magas and H. Satz, Eur. Phys. J. C 32, 115 (2003).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  16. S. Uddin, J. S. Ahmad, W. Bashir, and R. A. Bhat, J. Phys. G 39, 015012 (2012).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  17. F. Becattini, J. Cleymans, and J. Strumpfer, PoS(CPOD07), 012 (2007).

  18. F. Becattini and J. Cleymans, J. Phys. G 34, S959 (2007).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  19. J. Cleymans, J. Phys. G 35, 044017 (2008).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  20. J. Cleymans, J. Strumpfer, and L. Turko, Phys. Rev. C 78, 017901 (2008).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  21. S. Uddin, J. S. Ahmad, M. A. Bashir, and R. A. Bhat, Acta Phys. Polon. B 41, 2433 (2010).

    Google Scholar 

  22. S. Uddin, M. Ali, J. Shabir, and M. F. Mir, (2009).

  23. S. Uddin, M. Ali, J. Shabir, and M. Farooq Mir, (2009).

  24. J. Letessier and J. Rafelski, Hadrons and Quark-Gluon Plasma (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 2004).

    Google Scholar 

  25. A. Tawfik, Phys. Rev. D 71, 054502 (2005).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  26. A. Tawfik, E. Gamal, and A. G. Shalaby, Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 30, 1550131 (2015).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  27. A. N. Tawfik and E. Abbas, Phys. Part. Nucl. Lett. 12, 521 (2015).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. A. Andronic, P. Braun-Munzinger, and J. Stachel, Nucl. Phys. A 772, 167 (2006).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  29. L. Adamczyk et al. (STAR Collab.), Phys. Rev. C 96, 044904 (2017).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  30. B. I. Abelev et al. (STAR Collab.), Phys. Rev. C 79, 034909 (2009).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  31. A. Andronic, P. Braun-Munzinger, and J. Stachel, Acta Phys. Polon. B 40, 1005 (2009).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  32. I. G. Bearden et al. (BRAHMS Collab.), Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 102301 (2003).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  33. I. G. Bearden et al. (BRAHMS Collab.), Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 162301 (2005).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  34. J. Baechler et al. (NA35 Collab.), Phys. Rev. Lett. 72, 1419 (1994).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  35. J. Bartke et al. (NA35 Collab.), Z. Phys. C 48, 191 (1990).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  36. B. B. Back et al. (PHOBOS Collab.), Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 3100 (2000).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  37. I. C. Arsene, et al., Phys. Lett. B 687, 36 (2010).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  38. Z.-W. Lin, S. Pal, C. M. Ko, B.-A. Li, and B. Zhang, Phys. Rev. C 64, 011902 (2001).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  39. F. Siklr et al. (NA49 Collab.), Nucl. Phys. A 661, 45c (1999).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  40. B. Biedron and W. Broniowski, Phys. Rev. C 75, 054905 (2007).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Abdel Nasser Tawfik.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Tawfik, A.N., Abdel Wahab, M., Yassin, H. et al. Almost Entirely Empirical Estimation for Chemical Potential. J. Exp. Theor. Phys. 130, 506–516 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063776120030176

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063776120030176

Navigation