Trial for reduction of Ochratoxin A residues in fish feed by using nano particles of hydrated sodium aluminum silicates (NPsHSCAS) and copper oxide

Highlights

• Dietary ochratoxin badly affect fish performance and health.

• Dietary ochratoxin leads to nephrocalcinosis.

• Dietary nanoparticles ameliorate side effects of ochratoxin.

Abstract

This paper was designed to analyze the effect of ochratoxin A (OTA) contaminated feed on the growth outcomes, certain serum biochemical, histopathology, and OTA residue in the dorsal muscle, liver, and kidney in Nile tilapia. Also, to improve the drastic effect of OTA through dietary supplementation of hydrated sodium aluminum silicates nanoparticles or nano copper. For performing the present study, 270 fish were randomly allotted into 6 equal groups according to ochratoxin and nanoparticles of hydrated sodium aluminum silicates or copper oxide. The results indicated that supplementation of two levels of both nanoparticles (aluminum silicate or copper) as a mycotoxin adsorbent could prevent ochratoxicosis in Nile tilapia fish. In addition, they maintained optimal growth performance, feed efficiency without bad effect on serum profiles and vital organs function of fish in a dose-dependent manner. Histopathologically, the most interesting finding was the precipitation of calcium salts known as nephrocalcinosis, within the tubules, upon the degenerative tubules and tunica intima and media of the blood vessels in the control positive group. These pathological lesions were mitigated by nanoparticle supplementation. Thus increase the safety of fish products.

Introduction

The worldwide consumption of fish has been increasing due to the availability, access, and price in comparison with other kinds of meat. Food contamination by mycotoxins is a risk to human and animal health, and it is responsible for significant economic losses (Anater et al., 2016; Salem et al., 2018). Ochratoxin A is the most important mycotoxins in the fish feed (Mansour et al., 2011). Ochratoxin produced by two fungal genera: Penicillium and Aspergillus spp and known as the group of secondary metabolites. This group includes Ochratoxin A; Ochratoxin B; Ochratoxin C; Ochratoxin α, and the most toxic member is Ochratoxin A (OTA) (Ringot et al., 2006). OTA more stable in the environment than aflatoxins, so feed contamination with OTA has to be taken seriously (Duarte et al., 2010). OTA Contaminated feeds lead to the introduction of OTA in the aquaculture diet and consequently in the food chain, which can cause serious health problems in humans (Manning et al., 2003).

There is much literature reported toxicity of OTA in fish. Saad (2002) reported that OTA acute and chronic toxicity reduced immune response and growth performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Also, Manning et al. (2003) stated that OTA reduced body weight gain and poor feed conversion ratio of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). In addition to severe histopathological damage in the liver, posterior kidney, and changes of immune parameters were observed in channel catfish (Zahran et al., 2016). Similar studies on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) showed that increasing dietary OTA levels results to decrease growth, feed utilization, and nutrient composition of the carcass (Srour, 2004).

Various mycotoxins binder used as a nutritional supplement to eliminate mycotoxin from food and feed. The most used are clay particles such as bentonites and zeolites due to their opposite polarity (Arana et al., 2011; Dal Pozzo et al., 2016). However, the above-mentioned mycotoxin adsorbents often bind to other minerals and vitamins present in the diet. The supplementation of micronutrients will, therefore, be raised by 20% on average (Brown et al., 2014). On the other hand, the effectiveness of these mycotoxin absorbents ranges from 20% to 80%. In addition, the use of clay as adsorbent, also yeast cell walls can be used (Nathanail et al., 2016).

Thus, the highly promising class of adsorbents used for this purpose is nanoparticles. Owing to their distinct features such as small particle size, catalytic potential, large surface area, and a great number of active sites for the interaction with different toxins. Nanoparticles “new generation nano-adsorbents” are used to remove these toxins. Nanoparticles have a particle size of 1–100 nm and differ in their bulk form fundamentally in their physical, chemical, and biological characteristics (Feng et al., 2009). In addition, their little size decrease quantity that use and increases its potency (Sindhura et al., 2014). Aluminum silicate and other nano clay have been introduced as perspective sorptive additive possessing sizable surface area, higher porosity, strong cation exchange activities, and more active sites, which enable its interaction with mycotoxins (Swain et al., 2016). According to source, there are two types of nanoparticles, natural and synthetic (Jeevanandam et al., 2018). The synthetic nanoparticles are synthetized by mechanical grinding, engine exhaust, and smoke, or by physical, chemical, biological or hybrid methods (Wagner et al., 2014). To the best of our knowledge, this work is the first to study the binding ability of mycotoxin copper nanoparticles and aluminum silicate nanoparticles. Data on mycotoxin adsorption by nanomaterials with fish species during the time period are scarce in the scientific literature. In poultry, El-Kassas et al. (2018) reported that copper oxide nanoparticles can be used in 50% of their recommended copper requirements as an anti-inflammatory and immune stimulant in broilers without side effect. On the other hand, Zhao et al. (2010) reported that hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicates effectively ameliorate the negative effect of AFB1 on growth performance and liver damage in broilers. But in aquaculture, there is no literature.

The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of the contaminated.

OTA feed on the growth result, some serum biochemical alteration, histopathology, and OTA residue in the dorsal muscle, liver, and kidney in Nile tilapia. Also, to improve the drastic effect of OTA through dietary supplementation of hydrated sodium aluminum silicates nanoparticles or nano copper.