Assessing the impact of land use land cover changes on land surface temperature over Pune city, India
Introduction
Global urbanization has witnessed a significant increase over the past few decades. Although urbanization is a common phenomenon around the world, it has become more intense and dynamic in developing countries because of rapid economic growth (ESSAP, 1993). The global urban population has projected to rise to 68% from its current value of 55%, with its present rate of urbanization (United Nations, 2018). The urban centers of developing countries, especially in South-Asia, have experienced dramatic growth in both aerial extent and population. As per UN prediction, Asian cities will have to accommodate more than half of the world's urban population by adding 1.5 billion more people to the cities by 2020. India houses around 34% of the total population in the urban area, which is going to be increased substantially by the end of 2050. The country will become the highest urban population in the world with its present urbanization rate of 1.1% by 2050, with a total projected urban population of 814 million. To accommodate this growth, cities are expanding beyond their urban boundary, which finally exerts pressure on the surrounding natural resources, replacing wetlands, vegetation, and agricultural lands. Such a higher urban growth is responsible for a variety of issue related to the environment, climate change, ecosystem services degradation, urban heat island, heat waves, urban flash flood, loss of farmland and increases in urban concrete surfaces, urban temperature and precipitation (Bai et al., 2018; Estoque and Murayama, 2013; Malik et al., 2020; Mohammad et al., 2019; Mohammad and Goswami, 2019).
Urbanization is the manifestation of the expansion of the built-up area in terms of industry, houses or infrastructure development within or in direct connection with the urban area. Many recent studies suggest that the change in land use land cover (LULC) is a major anthropogenic contributor to climate change, although the increasing concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere plays an important role (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC, 2007, 2013). One of the major consequences of change in LULC in an urban area is the change of land surface temperature (LST) and the development of urban heat islands (Mohammad and Goswami, 2019). LST is an important variable relating to climate change over an urban area and is an indicator of the energy balance at the land surface (Oke, 1976). It varies significantly depending upon varying land use land cover and hence land conversion affects land surface temperature (Dewan and Yamaguchi, 2009; Gogoi et al., 2019; Lv and Zhou, 2011; Q. Weng, 2001). The local thermal environment changes due to the modification of urban surfaces (Carlson and Traci Arthur, 2000; Jianchu et al., 2005) and thus and increases human health risk (Grimmond, 2007).
Several studies have been done across the world to understand the effect of change in LULC on climate change (Dong et al., 2019; Dunn et al., 2011; Gogoi et al., 2019; Mahmood et al., 2010; S. Nayak and Mandal, 2012). Globally, many studies have also been employed to assess the relationship between the changing LULC and land surface temperature (Chen et al., 2006; Kayet et al., 2016; Q. Weng, 2001; Xian and Crane, 2006; Zhang and Sun, 2019). Many researchers investigated the changes in LULC and discussed its effect on land surface dynamics over different Indian cities, e.g., Nagpur city of Maharashtra (Kotharkar and Bagade, 2017a, 2017b), Delhi (Mohan et al., 2013), Burdwan municipal of Kolkata (Gupta and Roy, 2012), Hyderabad city of Andhra Pradesh (Wakode et al., 2014), Lucknow city of Uttar Pradesh (Shukla and Jain, 2019), Ramnagar town area in Uttarakhand (Rawat et al., 2013) and many more. However, limited researchers have explored the decadal variation of LULC and its impact on seasonal LST dynamics.
Literature suggests that the integration of multispectral bands with thermal infrared bands of Landsat images (TM, ETM+, OLI, and TIRS) has enhanced the ability of remote sensing techniques to derive LST and LULC simultaneously using same datasets. One of the major advantages of using Landsat data is the long term temporal range (Landsat-4/5 TM since 1980) as compared to MODIS (since 1999) and ASTER (since 2000). A broader swath of Landsat data (Landsat-5 TM 185 km, Landsat-8 OLI 185 km, ASTER 60 km, and MODIS 2330 km) makes it possible for seasonal and decadal analysis at much higher spatial resolution (Petropoulos and Ireland, 2016; Shimoda and Kimura, 2018). Considering the long-term image availability, broader swath and higher spatial resolution, we used Landsat images in this present study.
The present research considers Pune metropolis, one of the fastest-growing Indian megacities and has attracted most of the Special Economic Zones (SEZ) in the last decade as a study area. The main aim of this study is to find out the changing trend of land use land cover (LULC) and seasonal variation of land surface temperature (LST) during the last three decades (1990–1999,1999-2009, and 2009–2019) over the city. Limited researchers have been engaged in the study of forecasting the urban growth and spatiotemporal urban expansion in the Pune metropolis. They have published some research papers on such topics (Kantakumar et al., 2016; Lakshmi et al., 2011; Yadav, 2015). However, there is little studies have been done on assessing the variations of LST and land use land cover changes for Pune city (Dr. M. Sakthivel*1, Dr. M. H. Kalubarme2, 2018). However, here the scholars have focused their research on the investigation of seasonal variation of surface urban heat island with response to the LULC changes over the city during the last three decades.
The objective of the present research is to answer three specific scientific questions: (1) To quantify the spatio-temporal changes in LULC over Pune city since 1990 at decadal time intervals (for the year of 1990, 1999, 2009 and 2019), (2) Estimation of spatio-temporal variability of LST in summer and winter season over the city, and (3) Assessment of changes of seasonal LST over the Pune city due to LULC dynamics over the last three decades.
Section snippets
Study area
Pune is the second-largest city in the state of Maharashtra, India, covering a total area of about 331.3 km2. It is situated at 18°32″ north latitude and 73°51″ east longitude with an altitude of 560 m above the mean sea level. The location map of the study area is shown in Fig. 1. The city lies on the edge of Sahyadri hill, which is a part of the Deccan plateau. Mula and Mutha are the two major rivers flowing through the middle of the city, supporting the growth of the urban population around
Data used
The present research used eight Landsat images (path/row: 147/047) downloaded from the USGS website (https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/) of four different years and two seasons for each year. Six Landsat-5 TM images (two for each of the years 1990, 1999 and 2009) and two Landsat-8 OLI/TIRS images (for the year 2019) were based on the observation of minimum cloud cover and of same seasons as well as the month (April and January) to have lowest atmospheric and seasonal effects (Emran et al., 2018).
Land use land cover scenario derived from satellite imagery
The change in land use land cover had adversely affected the distribution of land surface temperature over an urbanized area. The presence of agriculture, shrub land and vegetation are responsible for the cooling of earth surfaces through the process of evapotranspiration, whilst the impervious surface and fallow land contribute to increase in the land surface temperature (Bokaie et al., 2016). Fallow lands are mainly temporarily uncultivated for one or more season where unable to sustain a
Conclusion
In this study, Landsat images were used to retrieve and determine the spatial distribution pattern of LULC and LST from 1990 to 2019 in the Pune city of India. The variation of LST over different land use land cover classes is also discussed in the decadal period basis over the study area. The results of LULC suggest a significant increase in urban built-up areas in the last three decades as compared to other land cover classes. The increasing built-up area results from the conversion of rural
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgment
The authors would like to acknowledge the Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India, for providing necessary infrastructure facilities to carry out the research work. The authors also acknowledge DST NRDMS (Grant number- NRDMS/01/179/2015(C)), New Delhi for providing the necessary financial support. The authors should also like to acknowledge the United States of Geological Survey (USGS) for providing satellite imagery, which made the foundation of
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