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Revision of the life cycle of the harmful dinoflagellate Margalefidinium polykrikoides (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae) based on isolates from Korean coastal waters

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Abstract

Although the life cycle of Margalefidinium polykrikoides, formerly called Cochlodinium polykrikoides, has been described previously, the descriptions on asexual and sexual phases of this species collected from Korean coastal waters are strange and still unclear. We collected the resting cysts of M. polykrikoides from surface sediments and re-examined the germination process, and asexual and sexual life stages, and the mating behavior of the vegetative cells using a microscope equipped with high-resolution time-lapse digital camera. The resting cyst of M. polykrikoides had a distinct germination process; before germination, a mature cell in shape was visible within the resting cyst body, and the cell quickly emerged from the resting cyst. The asexual reproduction and cell chain formation of M. polykrikoides were generated in a slightly oblique direction at the epicone of cell and the chain-forming cells of M. polykrikoides could form the chain-forming temporary cysts without asexual or sexual reproduction. The planozygote produced by gamete fusion of M. polykrikoides may not necessarily develop to resting cysts but instead may divide into vegetative cells occasionally. In this phase, the armored cell, which was previously recorded by Kim et al. (2007), was not observed. The sexuality of M. polykrikoides had a homothallic mating behavior.

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Funding

This work was supported by grants from the Marine Biotechnology Program of the Korea Institute of Marine Science and Technology Promotion (KIMST) funded by the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries (MOF) (No. 20170431), the Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB) Research Initiative Program, and the Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST) project (PE99821).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Biological Resource Center/Korean Collection for Type Cultures (KCTC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 181 Ipsingil, Jeongeup, 56212, South Korea

    Zhun Li

  2. Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1, Omiya, Asahi-ku, Osaka, 535-8585, Japan

    Kazumi Matsuoka

  3. Institute for East China Sea Research, Nagasaki University, 1551-7, Taira-machi, Nagasaki, 850-2213, Japan

    Kazumi Matsuoka

  4. Library of Marine Samples, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Geoje, 53201, South Korea

    Hyeon Ho Shin

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  1. Zhun Li
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  2. Kazumi Matsuoka
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Correspondence to Hyeon Ho Shin.

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Li, Z., Matsuoka, K. & Shin, H.H. Revision of the life cycle of the harmful dinoflagellate Margalefidinium polykrikoides (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae) based on isolates from Korean coastal waters. J Appl Phycol 32, 1863–1873 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-020-02125-0

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