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Methods for detection and analysis of weak radio sources with single-dish radio telescopes

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Abstract

The detection of mJy/sub-mJy point sources is a significant challenge for single-dish radio telescopes. Detection or upper limits on the faint afterglow from GRBs or other sources at cosmological distances are important means of constraining the source modeling. Using the Sardinia Radio Telescope (SRT), we compare the sensitivity and robustness of three methods applied to the detection of faint radio sources from raster maps around a known source position: the smart ‘quick-look’ method, the ‘source extraction’ method (typical of high-energy astronomy), and the fit with a 2-D Gaussian. We developed a Python code specific for the analysis of point-like radio sources applied to the SRT C-band (6.9 GHz) observations of both undetected sources (GRB afterglows of 181201A and 190114C) and the detected Galactic X-ray binary GRS 1915 + 105. Our comparative analysis of the different detection methods made extensive use of simulations as a useful complement to actual radio observations. The best method for the SRT data analysis is the fit with a 2-D Gaussian, as it pushes down the sensitivity limits of single-dish observations – with respect to more traditional techniques – to \(\sim 1.8\) mJy, improving by \(\sim 40\) % compared with the initial value. This analysis shows that – especially for faint sources – good maps of the scanned region pre- or post-outburst are essential.

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Notes

  1. The root mean square (RMS) of the image is the standard deviation of pixels flux densities taken in image regions not affected by the source flux.

  2. http://www.radiotelescopes.inaf.it/

  3. http://www.srt.inaf.it/

  4. Radio waves interact with the antenna (the parabolic reflector) where they are carried to a focus. At the focus the radio waves in free space are coupled to an antenna through a device called a feed, that probes the electric field of incoming radiation rotating counterclockwise (right-hand circular polarization, RCP) and clockwise (left-hand circular polarization, LCP), respectively, as functions of time (e.g. [52]).

  5. We are not able to make a precise estimate because the baseline can also vary by a factor of 2 in a few seconds, and hence on-off subtractions can cause errors of the baseline that compromise the possibility of reaching sensitivity of the order of the mJy.

  6. The half power beamwidth (HPBW) is the angular separation in which the magnitude of the radiation pattern decrease by 50% (or 3 dB) from the peak of the main beam.

  7. http://ds9.si.edu

  8. For our purpose, we fixed a = b (circular beam) and θ = 0.

  9. This statement represents a guideline for this kind of analysis, and it does not seem to change even by modifying the observational parameters; new instrumentation and future observations will allow to further verify this conclusion.

  10. https://sites.google.com/inaf.it/sundish/home

  11. https://science.nrao.edu/facilities/vlba

  12. https://www.evlbi.org

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Acknowledgements

We thank the anonymous referee for helping us improve the paper. The Sardinia Radio Telescope is funded by the Department of University and Research (MIUR), the Italian Space Agency (ASI), and the Autonomous Region of Sardinia (RAS), and is operated as a National Facility by the National Institute for Astrophysics (INAF). M. Marongiu gratefully acknowledges the University of Ferrara for the financial support of his PhD scholarship. We acknowledge the support from PRIN-INAF-2016 “Towards the SKA and CTA era: the discovery, localization, and physics of transient sources”. M. Marongiu thanks P. Bergamini and G. Angora for the useful discussion about Python programming language and data analysis; moreover, M. Marongiu is very grateful to K. D. Alexander for useful conversations. We acknowledge the TAC, the scheduler and the SRT staff for approving and executing these followup campaigns.

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Marongiu, M., Pellizzoni, A., Egron, E. et al. Methods for detection and analysis of weak radio sources with single-dish radio telescopes. Exp Astron 49, 159–182 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10686-020-09658-9

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