Abstract
Iron objects are among the most abundant type of metal artefacts in the archaeological record and help to deepen our understanding of past societies and their technologies. However, sampling of them is often problematic due to the destructive character of most analytical methods. In this study, iron and oxygen isotope compositions of iron artefacts from marine and water under-saturated oxidising environments were analysed in a first attempt to gather artefact information from the corrosion layer without sampling the object directly. No Fe isotope fractionation between artefact and its corrosion products was recognised for both environments but cannot be excluded for marine environments. Hence, the artefact’s Fe isotope composition can be determined from the corrosion layer. This allows the characterisation of artefacts which cannot be sampled directly. Because the available data precluded a clear identification of the underlying processes, possible fractionation mechanisms resulting in this situation are presented. Furthermore, the results of this study indicate that corrosion products have the same oxygen isotope composition as their source water. As for marine corrosion, general absence of oxygen isotope fractionation could not be manifested here, because only a small sample size was available for the present study. However, a complex interplay of many parameters governs the oxygen isotope compositions of corrosion products on metallic iron. Especially oxidising environments above the water table have a strong impact on the oxygen isotope composition of the corrosion layer. The first-order controlling mechanisms, such as evaporation, are set by the local environment and cannot be reconstructed. Therefore, the oxygen isotope composition of corrosion products seems to bear no valuable potential for archaeometallurgical research.
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Acknowledgements
The Hermann-Willkomm-Stiftung thankfully financially supported the stay of T. Rose in Lyon. Luc Long (Marseille) graciously allowed us to sample and analyse the Roman semi-product SM9.99.242. T. Rose is grateful for the support of Guntram Gassmann during fieldwork. We thank Katrin Westner, Eveline Salzmann, and Chiara Girotto for fruitful discussions on an earlier draft of the article and improvement of the language. We are grateful for the comments of the two reviewers, which improved the article considerably.
Funding
The Institut für Geowissenschaften of the Goethe Universität Frankfurt and the Deutsches Bergbau-Museum Bochum are thanked for funding the analytical work of Thomas Rose’s Master thesis. FIERCE is financially supported by the Wilhelm and Else Heraeus Foundation and by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, INST 161/921-1 FUGG and INST 161/923-1 FUGG), which is gratefully acknowledged. This is FIERCE contribution no. 22.
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Rose, T., Télouk, P., Fiebig, J. et al. Iron and oxygen isotope systematics during corrosion of iron objects: a first approach. Archaeol Anthropol Sci 12, 113 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-020-01072-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-020-01072-8