Abstract
Effect of modifying cloud water to rain conversion factor above freezing level on radiation flux is studied. The linkage of cloud-radiation interaction with a better Indian summer monsoon (ISM) rainfall simulation has also been investigated. Two simulations were performed with Climate Forecast System version 2 (CFSv2), one with default revised simplified Arakawa-Schubert (RSAS) convection scheme and another with modified RSAS (RSAS-mod) in which the cloud water to precipitation conversion factor is revised. It is observed that both top of the atmosphere (TOA) and surface energy imbalances are improved in the RSAS-mod simulation. The major contribution seems to come from the enhanced reflected shortwave radiation at the TOA. In RSAS-mod, more shortwave radiation is getting reflected at the TOA and thus less shortwave is available to reach at the surface. It has happened as a consequence of enhanced planetary albedo in RSAS-mod. It is also observed that high cloud cover has increased in RSAS-mod and there is a decrease in low cloud cover. As a result of increased high cloud cover, outgoing longwave radiation has decreased significantly in RSAS-mod. It is also found from the multivariate empirical orthogonal function (MV-EOF) analysis that the composite of longwave cloud radiative forcing corresponding to phases 4 and 5 of boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation (BSISO), which signifies the active phase of ISM, is better simulated in RSAS-mod. This has helped to simulate a better seasonal rainfall.
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Acknowledgments
We would like to thank GSFC/DAAC, NASA, for providing TRMM (http://precip.gsfc.nasa.gov/) gridded data set. We thank NASA/GEWEX for the gridded radiation data (https://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/project/srb/srb_table). Wind data is obtained from NCEP/DOE website (https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/data/gridded/data.ncep.reanalysis2.html). Gridded OLR data is obtained from NOAA website (https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/data/gridded/data.interp_OLR.html). All model experiments are carried out in Aditya High Performance Computing (HPC) system at Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune, India. Authors (from IITM) thank Director, IITM, Pune, for the motivation and encouragement in the study. Authors gratefully acknowledge the comments of the reviewers and the editor which have helped to improve the manuscript. The Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (Pune, India) is fully funded by the Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, New Delhi.
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Goswami, T., Mukhopadhyay, P., Ganai, M. et al. How changing cloud water to rain conversion profile impacts on radiation and its linkage to a better Indian summer monsoon rainfall simulation. Theor Appl Climatol 141, 947–958 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-020-03222-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-020-03222-3