Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate eggshell wastes, which have the potential to turn into high value-added products in paper industry. Membrane-removed eggshell wastes were subjected to certain processes of washing, drying, grinding, and sieving. The final product of eggshell calcium carbonate (ECC) was used in office paper production as filler, and its possible effect on physical and optical properties of papers was investigated. Mixed office wastes were turned pulp using as raw material of office paper production. Moreover, the effects of ECC was compared with the use of industrial calcium carbonates of ground (GCC) and precipitated (PCC) forms as filler. Breaking lengths of the papers were shown to reduce up to 65.2, 76.6, and 64.1% by a 30% usage of GCC, PCC, and ECC fillers, respectively. PCC and GCC were more effective in improved optical properties of papers than ECC. The brightness values were measured to be 96.8, 98.4, and 93.1 ISO% with a 30% dosage of GCC, PCC, and ECC fillers, respectively. These results suggested that ECC can be used as filler in paper industry.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Praveen Kumar A (2020) Pineapple leaf fibers: Potential green resources for pulp and paper production BT. In: Jawaid M, Asim M, Tahir P, Nasir M (eds) Pineapple leaf fibers: processing, properties and applications. Springer, Singapore, pp 297–308
Tutus A, Cicekler M, Kiziltepe A (2018) Waste paper recycling: contributions to Giresun and Turkey economies. In: 1st international technology sciences and design symposium, 27–29 May, Giresun, p 1836–1844
Tutus A, Demir N, Cicekler M (2013) Evaluation of waste papers in producing newspaper. In: International Caucasian forestry symposium, 24–26 October, Artvin, p 24–26
Bajpai P (2012) Environmentally benign approaches for pulp bleaching, Second edn. Elsevier Science, New York
FAO (2020) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/FO. Accessed 5 Apr 2020
Eroglu H, Usta M (2004) Paper and cardboard production technology textbook, vol I and II. Esen Ofset Printing, Trabzon
Karademir A, Varlibas H, Cicekler M (2013) A study on the chemical retention of CaCO3 on paper production. SDU Fac For J 14:48–52
Yoo S, Hsieh JS, Zou P, Kokoszka J (2009) Utilization of calcium carbonate particles from eggshell waste as coating pigments for ink-jet printing paper. Bioresour Technol 100:6416–6421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.06.112
Tsai WT, Hsien KJ, Hsu HC, Lin CM, Lin KY, Chiu CH (2008) Utilization of ground eggshell waste as an adsorbent for the removal of dyes from aqueous solution. Bioresour Technol 99:1623–1629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.04.010
Murakami FS, Rodrigues PO, De Campos CMT, Silva MAS (2007) Physicochemical study of CaCO3 from egg shells. Cienc Tecnol Aliment 27:658–662. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-20612007000300035
Toro P, Quijada R, Yazdani-Pedram M, Arias JL (2007) Eggshell, a new bio-filler for polypropylene composites. Mater Lett 61:4347–4350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2007.01.102
Schaafsma A, Beelen GM (1999) Eggshell powder, a comparable or better source of calcium than purified calcium carbonate: piglet studies. J Sci Food Agric 79:1596–1600. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0010(199909)79:12<1596::aid-jsfa406>3.3.co;2-1
Sim JS, Awyong LM, Bragg DB (1983) Utilization of eggshell waste for poultry feed. Poult Sci 62:1502
Walton HV, Vandepopuliere JM, Jaynes W, Cotterill OJ (1977) Using eggshells in poultry feed. Agric Eng 58:15–16
Park HJ, Jeong SW, Yang JK et al (2007) Removal of heavy metals using waste eggshell. J Environ Sci 19:1436–1441. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(07)60234-4
Chojnacka K (2005) Biosorption of Cr(III) ions by eggshells. J Hazard Mater 121:167–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.02.004
Zheng W, Li XM, Yang Q et al (2007) Adsorption of Cd(II) and Cu(II) from aqueous solution by carbonate hydroxylapatite derived from eggshell waste. J Hazard Mater 147:534–539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.01.048
Dupoirieux L, Pourquier D, Souyris F (1995) Powdered eggshell: a pilot study on a new bone substitute for use in maxillofacial surgery. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 23:187–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1010-5182(05)80009-5
Schaafsma A, Pakan I, Hofstede GJH, Muskiet FA, van der Veer E, de Vries PJF (2000) Mineral, amino acid, and hormonal composition of chicken eggshell powder and the evaluation of its use in human nutrition. Poult Sci 79:1833–1838. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/79.12.1833
Cicekler M (2019) Investigation the using primary and secondary fiber blends in writing-printing, newspaper and corrugated cardboard papers production. Doctoral dissertation, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey
Zaman T, Mostari MS, Al Mahmood MA, Rahman MS (2018) Evolution and characterization of eggshell as a potential candidate of raw material. Ceramica 64:236–241. https://doi.org/10.1590/0366-69132018643702349
Foroutan R, Mohammadi R, Farjadfard S, Esmaeili H, Ramavandi B, Sorial GA (2019) Eggshell nano-particle potential for methyl violet and mercury ion removal: surface study and field application. Adv Powder Technol 30:2188–2199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2019.06.034
Ok YS, Lee SS, Jeon WT, Oh SE, Usman ARA, Moon DH (2011) Application of eggshell waste for the immobilization of cadmium and lead in a contaminated soil. Environ Geochem Health 33:31–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-010-9362-2
Chen X, Qian X, An X (2011) Using calcium carbonate whiskers as papermaking filler. BioResources 6:2435–2447. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.6.3.2435-2447
Hubbe MA, Gill RA (2016) Fillers for papermaking: a review of their properties, usage practices, and their mechanistic role. BioResources 11:2886–2963. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.11.1.2886-2963
Karademir A, Chew YS, Hoyland RW, Xiao H (2008) Influence of fillers on sizing efficiency and hydrolysis of alkyl ketene dimer. Can J Chem Eng 83:603–606. https://doi.org/10.1002/cjce.5450830328
Lindström T, Larsson PT (2008) Alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) sizing - A review. Nord Pulp Pap Res J 23:202–209
Song S, Wu Z, Nie J (2020) Paper fillers innovations: from design of particles to preparing filler composites. BioResources 15:2117–2118
Tutus A, Cicekler M, Kazaskeroglu Y, Muduroglu M (2012) Effects of precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) on optical and physical properties of paper. In: 8th international industrial minerals symposium, 29–30 November, İstanbul, p 147–152
Bøhmer E (1981) Filling and loading, 3rd edn. Wiley, New Jersey
Smook GA (2002) Handbook for pulp and paper technologists, Third edn. Angus Wilde Publ., Vancouver
Wang Y, Huo H, Qian X, Shen J (2020) Colloids, nanostructures, and supramolecular assemblies for papermaking. BioResources 15:4646–4649
Wang J, Liu L, Wang Z, Xu Y (2014) AKD sizing efficiency of paper filled with CaCO3 from the Kraft causticizing process. BioResources 9:143–149. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.9.1.143-149
Beland MC, Mangin PJ (2019) Three-dimensional evaluation of paper surfaces using confocal microscopy. In: Surface Analysis of Paper. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Gill RA (2007) The behavior of on-site synthesized precipitated calcium carbonates and other calcium carbonate fillers on paper properties. Nord Pulp Pap Res J 4:120–127. https://doi.org/10.3183/npprj-1989-04-02-p120-127
Wypych G (2016) Handbook of Fillers, Fourth edn. ChemTec Publishing, Scarborough
Tutus A, Cicekler M, Ozdemir A, Okan OT (2013) Effects of precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) on optical properties of waste paper. In: International Caucasia forestry symposium. Artvin, p 884–887
Mohamadzadeh-Saghavaz K, Resalati H, Ghasemian A (2014) Cellulose-precipitated calcium carbonate composites and their effect on paper properties. Chem Pap 68:774–781. https://doi.org/10.2478/s11696-013-0513-7
Bown R (1998) Particle size, shape, and structure of paper fillers and their effect on paper properties. Pap Technol 39:44–48
Hubbe MA, Gill RA (2004) Filler particle shape vs. paper properties - a review. In: 2004 TAPPI Paper Summit - Spring Technical and International Environmental Conference, p 141–150
Huber O (1970) Survey of inorganic raw materials of the paper industry. Wochbl Pap 98:321–328
Bown R (1981) A study of the optical properties of filled papers. Wochenbl Pap 109:263–266
Koppelman MH (1981) Effect of clay and titanium dioxide extenders on paper opacity. In: Papermakers conference, proceedings of the technical association of the pulp and paper industry, 1–4 March, Chicago, p 197
Funding
This research was financially supported by the Kahramanmaraş Sütçü Imam University, Research Project Coordination Unit, under project number 2016/6-1YLS.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tutus, A., Killi, U. & Cicekler, M. Evaluation of eggshell wastes in office paper production. Biomass Conv. Bioref. 12, 1115–1124 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-020-00768-0
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-020-00768-0