Paleoproterozoic postcollisional metamorphic and igneous activities in the Jinan area of the Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt in the North China Craton and their tectonic implications
Introduction
The Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt (JLJB) is the orogenic belt that links the Longgang Archean Block and the Nangrim Massif (Fig. 1; Kusky, 2011, Kusky et al., 2007, Liu et al., 2017b, Zhao et al., 2012, Zhao et al., 2005, Zhao and Zhai, 2013). This belt, which is mainly located in the Jiaobei, Liaodong and Jinan areas within the eastern North China Craton (NCC), is important for understanding the Paleoproterozoic evolution of the northeastern NCC. The tectonic evolution of the JLJB has been discussed for a long time, and several different models have been proposed (Bai, 1993, Faure et al., 2004, Li et al., 2017, Li et al., 2001a, Li et al., 2003, Li et al., 2011, Li et al., 2012, Li et al., 2005, Li et al., 2006, Li et al., 2004, Li and Chen, 2014, Liu et al., 1997, Tian et al., 2017, Xu and Liu, 2019, Yuan et al., 2015, Zhang and Yang, 1988, Zhao et al., 2012). The existence of a collision between the Longgang Block in the northeastern NCC and the Nangrim Massif on the Korean Peninsula is widely accepted, but details of the tectonic evolution of the JLJB remain debated (Bai, 1993, Faure et al., 2004, Li et al., 2017, Lu et al., 2006, Peng et al., 2014, Tian et al., 2017, Wang et al., 2017b, Xu and Liu, 2019, Zhang et al., 2018, Zhao et al., 2012). Rifting followed by collision due to closure of the rift basin was first suggested by Zhang and Yang (1988) and then modified by other studies (Li et al., 2001a, Li et al., 2003, Li et al., 2011, Li et al., 2012, Li et al., 2005, Li et al., 2006, Li et al., 2004, Liu et al., 1997). Continental collision after subduction was first presented by Bai (1993) and then modified into a continent-arc-continent collision model by Faure et al. (2004), which introduced an arc formed during subduction and following collision between arc and two continents. Additional similar models have been suggested in recent decades (Chen et al., 2016, He and Ye, 1998, Lu et al., 2006, Tian et al., 2017, Yuan et al., 2015). Zhao et al. (2012) further suggested that the rift basin must have developed into an ocean basin and that the oceanic lithosphere was subducted, leading to the final continent–continent collision forming high-pressure granulite in the Jingshan Group in the southern part of the JLJB. Despite the findings of these studies, it is uncertain whether subduction occurred before collision, and the nature of the postcollision process remains poorly understood due to the very limited number of studies on it.
Metamorphism can provide crucial clues for tectonic interpretations in the JLJB. Many studies have been performed in the Jiaobei area, confirming the existence of medium- to high-pressure granulite-facies metamorphism with a clockwise pressure–temperature (P-T) path (Liu et al., 2017d, Liu et al., 2013, Tam et al., 2012a, Tam et al., 2012b, Tam et al., 2012c). The peak metamorphic conditions were dated to 1.95–1.90 Ga and were followed by retrograde metamorphism at 1.86–1.80 Ga; the peak metamorphism has been interpreted as evidence of collision in the JLJB (Liu et al., 2017d, Liu et al., 2013). However, there have been limited studies on the metamorphism in the Liaodong and Jinan areas of the JLJB. Recently, only two studies have been performed in the South Liaohe Group in the Liaodong area, and they found a clockwise P-T path in which medium-pressure granulite- or upper amphibolite-facies peak metamorphic conditions occurred at ~1.95 Ga, and postpeak metamorphism occurred at ~1.85 Ga (Liu et al., 2017c, Liu et al., 2019). However, this result is different from the counterclockwise P-T path suggested by Li et al. (2001b). Therefore, further study on the metamorphic history of the area is necessary to confirm which P-T path is correct.
In the Jinan area, recent studies (Cai et al., 2019, Cai et al., 2017b) carried out on the metamorphic history of the Ji’an Group suggest a clockwise P-T path with peak metamorphism corresponding to granulite-facies, which is contradictory to the counterclockwise P-T path with peak metamorphism corresponding to amphibolite facies proposed in an earlier study (He and Ye, 1998). In addition, the metamorphic age has not been clearly determined. Recently, 1.87–1.84 Ga porphyritic granites were reported from the JLJB, including the Jinan area, and most of them are recognized as anorogenic granites (Hao et al., 2004, Li and Zhao, 2007, Liu et al., 2017a, Lu et al., 2006). However, they were interpreted as orogenic origin because most of them plotted in the postcollisional granites field (Oh et al., 2018). In addition, the relationship between the porphyritic granites and the granulite-facies metamorphism in the Jinan area is not clear. Therefore, in the Ji’an Group in the Jinan area, a more detailed study is necessary to confirm P-T path and the timing of the metamorphism, the tectonic setting of the porphyritic granites and the relationship between metamorphism and igneous activity, which may provide important information on the metamorphism and igneous activity related to the postcollision process and the direction of subduction in the JLJB.
In this study, two granulite samples in the Jinan area were analyzed to understand the metamorphic conditions of the study area based on whole-rock geochemistry and the major element compositions of minerals. The whole-rock geochemistry (major and trace elements) of the porphyritic granites in the Jinan area was also analyzed to determine the tectonic origin of the igneous rocks. The intrusion and metamorphic ages of zircons were identified, and the metamorphic ages of monazites were also investigated. Based on these studies, the metamorphic and igneous activities in the Jinan area and their tectonic implications were interpreted.
Section snippets
Geological setting
Paleoproterozoic metasedimentary rocks, volcanic extrusive rocks and mafic and felsic intrusions are the main components of the JLJB (Lu et al., 2006, Zhang and Yang, 1988, Zhang et al., 2018). The sedimentary rocks in the JLJB can be divided into eight groups: from northeast to southwest, the Macheonayeong Group in the North Korea, the Laoling and Ji’an Groups in Jilin Province, the North and South Liaohe Groups in Liaoning Province, the Fenzishan and Jingshan Groups in Shandong Province and
Petrography
Among the collected samples in the study area, five samples were selected for detailed study. The two granulites of pelitic origin (0327-9 and 0328-3) were collected to study the metamorphic evolution, including metamorphic P-T conditions. The porphyritic granite (0328-4) was collected to determine the intrusion age and tectonic environment. Metabasite (0328-7A) and metamonzogranite (0328-7B) samples were also collected to determine their igneous and metamorphic ages.
Analytical methods
The major and trace element compositions of metabasite, monzogranite and porphyritic granites were analyzed to understand the tectonic evolution of the study area. The major element compositions were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and atomic emission spectrometry employing a Thermo Jarrel–Ash ENVIRO II instrument at Activation Laboratories and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) at Wuhan Sample Solution Analytical Technology Co., Ltd. The trace element compositions
Garnet
The garnets in the granulites show compositional zoning, as illustrated in Fig. 5. The garnet cores in granulite 0328-3 have XMg of 0.16–0.17, XAlm of 0.76–0.79, XPyr of 0.14–0.15, XGrs of 0.033–0.037 and XSps of 0.039, whereas the garnet rims have XMg of 0.11–0.13, XAlm of 0.81–0.82, XPyr of 0.10–0.11, XGrs of 0.026–0.03 and XSps of 0.047. XAlm and XSps increase and XMg, XGrs and XPyr decrease from core to rim (Fig. 5a, b). Similarly, the garnet cores of granulite 0327-9 have XMg of 0.15–0.18,
Phase equilibria modeling and P-T calculations
In the two pelitic granulites (0327-9 and 0328-3), the garnet cores have higher XMg(XMg = Mg/(Mg + Fe)) contents than the rims, indicating that the cores formed under peak metamorphic conditions, but the P-T conditions of the peak metamorphic event cannot be calculated using conventional thermobarometry because the garnet cores do not contain plagioclase inclusions. Therefore, the peak metamorphic conditions were calculated by pseudosection analysis.
The P-T pseudosections for the two granulites
Sample 0328-4 (porphyritic granite)
The zircon grains from sample 0328-4 are euhedral to subhedral and prismatic to columnar and have lengths of 70–200 μm, with length-to-width ratios of 2:1. The CL images reveal that most zircons have clear core and rim structures (Fig. 11). The cores show various textures and colors; some have oscillatory or banded zoning and are dark in color, whereas others show no zoning and are white in color. The rims are dark with oscillatory zoning, indicating an igneous origin (Fig. 11). The zircon
Metamorphic evolution of the JLJB in the Liaodong and Jinan areas
The metamorphic evolution of the Liaodong and Jinan areas of the JLJB is important for the interpretation of the tectonic evolution of the JLJB and northeastern Asia but remains debated due to insufficient study. He and Ye, 1998, Li et al., 2001b suggested clockwise and counterclockwise P-T paths for the northern and southern JLJB, respectively. However, recently, a clockwise P-T path was recognized not only in the northern areas but also in the southern areas of the JLJB (Cai et al., 2017b,
Conclusions
A comprehensive investigation of the petrology, mineralogy, and geochronology of the igneous and metamorphic rocks in the Ji’an Group in the Jinan area gives the following results.
- 1.
The Dadongcha and Gaixian Formations in the Jinan area of the JLJB experienced granulite-facies peak metamorphism at ~8.5–7 kbar and 800–760 °C, forming a metamorphic assemblage of garnet + biotite + plagioclase + K-feldspar + sillimanite + quartz + ilmenite, and then underwent retrograde metamorphism at ~5–3.5 kbar
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgments
We thank Dr. Y.J. Jeong for help with the monazite analyses. We also thank Dr. J. Cai for help with the pseudosection and Dr. X.P. Wang for help with the understanding of 2.2–2.1 Ga igenous activities at the JLJB. This work is supported by a National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korean Government (NRF-2017R1A2B2011224, NRF-2017K1A1A2013180 and NRF-2018R1D1A1A02085880), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant 41430210), and the Basic Scientific
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