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Mechanism of Water Inrush Through Fault Zones Using a Coupled Fluid–solid Numerical Model: A Case Study in the Beiyangzhuang Coal Mine, Northern China

流固耦合数值模型研究断裂带突水机理:以中国北方北阳庄煤矿为例

Ein gekoppeltes numerisches Flüssigkeiten-Feststoff-Modell zur Modellierung von Wassereinbrüchen durch Verwerfungszonen: Eine Fallstudie im Beiyangzhuang-Kohlenbergwerk in Nordchina

Mecanismo de irrupción de agua a través de zonas de fallas utilizando un modelo numérico acoplado fluido sólido: un estudio de caso en la mina de carbón Beiyangzhuang, norte de China

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Abstract

To better understand the mechanism of water inrush from fault zones, we investigated a typical inrush case from a coal mine in northern China, identified the water source and the role of fault zones, and analyzed the mechanical characteristics of the rock mass. We established a numerical model of fluid–solid coupling using finite difference methods based ideal elastic–plastic and Biot’s consolidation theories. The model considers softening effects caused by mine dewatering as well as the dynamic influence of mean principal stress and pore water pressure on fault zone permeability. It also simulates fault zone deformation, failure, and seepage under natural and disturbed-state conditions. The mechanism of water inrush through fault zones in a disturbed area was identified by comparing the deformation, failure, and seepage characteristics of fault zones with and without disturbance. The results show that deformation was concentrated at the bottom of the fault zone because of its naturally low strength, which created favorable conditions for water inrush. Softening of the media by mine dewatering also facilitated water inrush. Feedback effects between the fault zone and groundwater-enhanced permeability then led to groundwater bursting into the mine through the fault zone. This study provides an important framework for groundwater hazard prevention in similar mining areas.

抽象

为更好地理解断层突水机理,调研了中国北方煤矿典型的突水案例,了解突水水源和断层作用,分析岩体力学特性。基于理想弹塑性理论和Biot理论,采用有限差分法建立了流固耦合数值模型。模型考虑了矿井疏水引起的软化效应以及平均主应力和孔隙水压力对断层带渗透性的动态影响。模拟了自然条件和扰动条件下,断裂带的变形、破坏和渗透特性。通过对比有、无干扰条件下断裂带的变形、破坏和渗流特征,确定扰动区断裂带突水机理。结果表明,变形集于自然强度较低的断层带底部,使之更易于突水。矿井疏水引起的围岩介质软化也利于诱发突水。断层带及渗透性提高的反馈响应导致了地下水透过断层突入矿井。研究为类似矿区的地下水害防治提供了重要的理论依据。

Zusammenfassung

Zum besseren Verständnis der Vorgänge beim Wassereinbruch in Bergwerke durch Verwerfungszonen wurde ein typischer Fall in einem Kohlenbergwerk in Nordchina untersucht. Dabei wurde die Herkunft des Wassers identifiziert und der Einfluss der Verwerfungszonen untersucht. Ebenso wurden die mechanischen Eigenschaften der Felsmasse analysiert. Zu diesem Zweck wurde ein numerisches Modell mit Flüssig-Fest-Kopplung aufgebaut. Das Modell nutzt die Finite-Differenzen-Methode. Dabei stützt es sich auf die Plastizitätstheorie und die Konsolidierungstheorie nach Biot. Mit dem Modell können abschwächende Effekte durch Sümpfung ebenso wie der Einfluss der dynamischen Belastung und des Porenwasserdrucks auf die Permeabilität der Verwerfungszone simuliert werden. Weiterhin gestattet es die Simulation von Deformationen der Verwerfungszone, Materialversagen sowie Versickerung unter natürlichen und gestörten Bedingungen. Der Prozess des Wassereinbruchs durch Verwerfungszonen wird anhand des Vergleichs der Deformation, des Materialversagens und der Versickerungscharakteristika von Verwerfungszonen mit und ohne Störung erkannt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Deformationen hauptsächlich an der Unterkante von Verwerfungszonen stattfinden. Ursache ist ihre von Natur aus geringe Spannung, was den Wassereinbruch begünstigt. Ebenso begünstigt die Ausdünnung des Mediums durch Grubenwasserhaltung den Wassereinbruch. Rückkopplungseffekte zwischen der Verwerfungszone und der durch das Grundwasser gestiegenen Permeabilität führten zum schlagartigen Eindringen des Grundwassers durch die Verwerfungszone in das Bergwerk. Diese Fallstudie ist ein wichtiges Werkzeug zur Vorsorge von Grundwassereinbrüchen in ähnlichen Bergbaugebieten.

Resumen

Para comprender mejor el mecanismo de irrupción de agua de las zonas de fallas, investigamos un caso típico en una mina de carbón en el norte de China, identificando la fuente de agua y el papel de las zonas de falla y analizando las características mecánicas de la masa rocosa. Establecimos un modelo numérico de acoplamiento fluido-sólido utilizando métodos de diferencia finita basados ​​en las teorías de elástico-plástico ideal y de consolidación de Biot. El modelo considera los efectos de ablandamiento causados ​​por el desagote de la mina, así como la influencia dinámica del estrés principal y la presión del agua de los poros sobre la permeabilidad de la zona de fallas. También simula la deformación, falla y filtración de la zona de falla bajo condiciones naturales y de estado perturbado. El mecanismo de entrada de agua a través de zonas de fallas en un área perturbada, se identificó comparando las características de deformación, falla y filtración de las zonas de fallas con y sin perturbación. Los resultados muestran que la deformación se concentró en el fondo de la zona de fallas debido a su natural baja resistencia, lo que creó condiciones favorables para la irrupción de agua. El ablandamiento producido por el desagote de las minas también facilitó la entrada de agua. Los efectos de retroalimentación entre la zona de fallas y la permeabilidad aumentada del agua subterránea, llevaron a que el agua subterránea irrumpiera en la mina a través de la zona de fallas. Este estudio proporciona un marco importante para la prevención de riesgos de aguas subterráneas en áreas mineras similares.

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Acknowledgements

This study was financially supported by the China National Scientific and Technical Support Program (Grant 2018YFC0406404) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant 41572227). The authors also thank the editor and reviewers for their constructive suggestions.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China

    Wenping Mu, Xiong Wu, Ruochen Deng & Qian Hao

  2. Construction Engineering Quality and Safety Supervision Station, Housing and Construction Bureau of Dapeng New District, Shenzhen, 518119, China

    Cheng Qian

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  1. Wenping Mu
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  2. Xiong Wu
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  3. Ruochen Deng
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  4. Qian Hao
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  5. Cheng Qian
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Correspondence to Xiong Wu.

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Mu, W., Wu, X., Deng, R. et al. Mechanism of Water Inrush Through Fault Zones Using a Coupled Fluid–solid Numerical Model: A Case Study in the Beiyangzhuang Coal Mine, Northern China. Mine Water Environ 39, 380–396 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10230-020-00689-4

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