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Dry and wet miombo woodlands of south-central Africa respond differently to climate change

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Abstract

It is important to understand how species distributions will shift under climate change. While much focus has been on species tracking temperature changes in the northern hemisphere, changing precipitation patterns in tropical regions have received less attention. The aim of the study was to estimate the current distribution of wet and dry miombo woodlands of sub-Saharan Africa and to predict their distributions under different climate change scenarios. A maximum entropy method (Maxent) was used to estimate the distributions and for projections. Occurrence records of dominant tree species in each woodland were used for modeling, together with altitude, soil characteristics, and climate variables as the environmental variables. Modeling was done under all four representative concentration pathways (RCPs) and three general circulation models. Three dominant tree species were used in models of dry miombo while seven were used for wet miombo. Models estimated dry miombo to cover almost the entire known distribution of miombo woodlands while wet miombo were estimated to predominate in parts of Angola, southern Democratic Republic of Congo, Malawi, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Future climate scenarios predict a drier climate in sub-Saharan Africa, and as a result, the range of dry miombo will expand. Dry miombo were predicted to expand by up to 17.3% in 2050 and 22.7% in 2070. In contrast, wet miombo were predicted to contract by up to − 28.6% in 2050 and − 41.6% in 2070. A warming climate is conducive for the proliferation of dry miombo tree species but unfavorable for wet miombo tree species.

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Acknowledgments

We thank R. Revermann and M. Finckh who provided occurrence records from the Vegetation Database of the Okavango Basin. Appreciation goes to E. N. Chidumayo of the Makeni Savanna Research Project for additional occurrence records. We also thank M. V. Ashley for critical comments and improving readability.

Availability of data and material

Some tree species occurrence records are available from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (www.gbif.org) and Tropicos (www.tropicos.org) online data portals. Environmental variables are available from the WorldClim (www.worldclim.org) and the Harmonized World Soil Database (www.fao.org) online data portals.

Funding

The work was supported by the Biological Sciences Department at Bindura University of Science Education, Zimbabwe.

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  1. Biological Sciences Department, Bindura University of Science Education, Private Bag, 1020, Bindura, Zimbabwe

    Percy Jinga

  2. Biological Sciences Department, Sewanee: The University of the South, 735 University Avenue, Sewanee, TN, 37383, USA

    Jason Palagi

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Percy Jinga was responsible for conception and design of the research and acquisition, analysis, and interpretation of data. Percy Jinga also drafted the article while Jason Palagi critically revised it for intellectual content.

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Jinga, P., Palagi, J. Dry and wet miombo woodlands of south-central Africa respond differently to climate change. Environ Monit Assess 192, 372 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-020-08342-x

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