Abstract
d-Pinitol (3-O-methyl-d-chiro-inositol) is a cyclitol nearly ubiquitous in the Leguminosae and Pinaceae families. It plays an important role in plants as physiological cellular modulator and chemical defense against unfavorable environmental conditions, such as water deficit and high level of salinity. Plants rich in d-pinitol are being used in traditional medicine as empirical treatment for diabetes, inflammation, cancer or infections. This review summarizes the extensive literature published about d-pinitol biosynthesis, plant distribution, biological activities and pharmacological studies, including in vitro, in vivo, and clinical trials.
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Change history
30 January 2021
A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-020-09732-2
Abbreviations
- ACAT:
-
Acyl-CoA-cholesterol acyltransferase
- BMI:
-
Body mass index
- CYP2E12:
-
Cytochrome P450E12
- C/EBPα:
-
CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha
- DM:
-
Diabetes mellitus
- DMBA:
-
7,12 dimethylbenz[α]antracene
- GalN:
-
D-galactosamine
- GLUT2:
-
Glucose transporter 2
- GR:
-
Glutathione reductase
- GS:
-
Glycogen synthesis
- GSH:
-
Glutation
- GSH-Px:
-
Glutathione peroxidase
- GSK-3β:
-
Glycogen synthesis kinase-3β
- GST:
-
Glutathione S-transferase
- HbA1c:
-
Glycohemoglobin
- HMGR:
-
HMG-CoA reductase
- HOMA-IR:
-
Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance
- 5-HT3 receptor:
-
Serotonin type 3 receptor
- IGF1BP-ALS:
-
Insulin-like growth factor acid labile subunit
- IGT:
-
Impaired glucose tolerance
- iNOS:
-
Nitric oxide synthase
- INS-2:
-
Insulin second messenger
- IR:
-
Insulin receptor
- IRS:
-
Insulin receptor substrate
- LPS:
-
Lipopolysaccharide
- MAPKs:
-
Mitogen activated protein kinase
- MHC:
-
Major histocompatibility complex
- NAD:
-
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- NADPH:
-
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
- NO:
-
Nitric oxide
- PCOS:
-
Polycystic ovary syndrome
- NF-κB:
-
Nuclear factor kappa-B
- oxLDL:
-
Oxidized low-density lipoprotein
- PDH:
-
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
- PDHP:
-
Pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase
- PEB:
-
d-pinitol-enriched beverage
- PI3K/Akt:
-
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B
- PLD:
-
Phospholipase D
- PON:
-
Paraoxonase
- PPARγ:
-
Peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor γ
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- SOD:
-
Superoxide dismutase
- STZ:
-
Streptozotocin
- TNF-α:
-
Tumor necrosis factor-α
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AJLG was funded by a Sara Borrell contract (CD16/00092) from Instituto de Salud Carlos III [co-funded by European Union (ERDF/ESF, “Investing in your future”)].
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MS-H, AJL-G and CM-C conceived the idea; AJL-G, NHG-M, MS-H, CM-C and MG-P performed the review of papers; MG-P, AJL-G and MS-H wrote the first draft of the manuscript. All authors made meaningful contributions to the final manuscript and approved the manuscript for final submission.
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Sánchez-Hidalgo, M., León-González, A.J., Gálvez-Peralta, M. et al. d-Pinitol: a cyclitol with versatile biological and pharmacological activities. Phytochem Rev 20, 211–224 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-020-09677-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11101-020-09677-6