Abstract
For the effective management and maintenance of a transport network it is important to identify the most at-risk bridges within the network and subsequently implement efficient retrofit solutions. The risk assessment process adopted for this purpose usually makes use of vulnerability or fragility functions that may be either simple empirical expressions or bridge-specific expressions developed from time-consuming non-linear dynamic analyses. Fragility curves defined for bridge taxonomies are less precise because fragility curves are in general site and bridge dependent. In this work the possibility of using a simplified displacement-based assessment (DBA) procedure for the identification of bridge fragility functions is explored. The simplifications to the DBA approach are made so that the inputs required for assessment are limited to bridge characteristics that can be readily identified from a rapid visual inspection of the bridge (or from drawings). Nonetheless, by incorporating a number of input parameters that can dictate the displacement capacity of a bridge, it is argued that the simplified DBA procedure can still provide a good level of accuracy, particularly compared to simplified empirical methods. In addition to this, for portfolio risk assessment, this approach can be easily applied and is more refined than the use of fragility curves defined for bridge taxonomies. This is demonstrated in the paper by comparing fragility functions obtained via various methods, for a number of RC bridge typologies commonly found in Italy.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
ACI (2001) Building code requirement for structural concrete. American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills
Applied Technology Council (ATC) (2012) Guidelines for the seismic performance assessment of buildings, ATC 58 Report Redwood City, CA
Cademartori M, Sullivan T, Cardone D (2015) Displacement based assessment of reinforced concrete bridges. A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the master degree in earthquake engineering & engineering seismology, ROSE School, 2015, University of Pavia, Pavia
California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) (2006) Seismic design criteria—version 1.4. Caltrans, Sacramento
Cardone D (2014) Displacement limits and performance displacement profiles in support of direct displacement based seismic assessment of bridges. Bull Earthq Eng 43(8):1239–1263
Cardone D, Perrone G (2013) Direct displacement based assessment of bridges. In: Sullivan TJ, Calvi GM (eds) Chapter 9 of research report ROSE—2013/01 developments in the field of displacement-based seismic assessment. IUSS Press, Pavia, pp 339–430
Cardone D, Perrone G, Sofia S (2011) A performance-based adaptive methodology for the seismic evaluation of multi-span simply supported deck bridges. Bull Earthq Eng 9:1463–1498
Carr A (2002) RUAUMOKO users manual. University of Canterbury, Chirstchurch
Cattoni E, Cecconi M, Pane V (2012a) Direct displacement based design of embedded retaining structures. EJGE 17/t:2795–2807
Cattoni E, Cecconi M, Pane V, Vecchietti S (2012b) Development of direct displacement based design method for retaining walls subjected to seismic loads. In: Proceedings of the II international conference on performance-based design in earthquake geotechnical engineering, May 28–30, 2012, Taormina, Italy, pp 1510–1521
CS.LL.PP. (2008) DM 14 Gennaio 2008 Norme Tecniche per le Costruzioni, Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica Italiana (in Italian)
Del Grosso A, Cademartori M, Basso P, Osmani S (2018) A simplified displacement based seismic loss assessment method for reinforced concrete bridges. In: Proceedings of the IABSE conference 2018—engineering the past, to meet the needs of the future, June 25–27 2018, Copenhagen, Denmark
Fajfar P, Dolsek M (2010) A practice-oriented approach for probabilistic seismic assessment. In: Fardis MN (ed) Advances in performance-based earthquake engineering. Springer, Berlin, pp 225–333
Gehl P, D’Ayala D (2015) Accuracy of simplified procedures for the fragility assessment of bridges. In: SECED 2015 conference: earthquake risk and engineering towards a resilient world, 9–10 July 2015, Cambridge, UK
Kappos AJ (2018) Seismic design of bridges: present and future. In: Pitilakis K (eds) Recent advances in earthquake engineering in Europe (ECEE 2018). Geotechnical, geological and earthquake engineering, vol 46. Springer, Cham
Kappos AJ, Saiidi MS, Aydinoglu MN, Isakovic T (eds) (2012) Seismic design and assessment of bridges: inelastic method of analysis and case studies. Springer, London
Kennedy RP, Ravindra MK (1984) Seismic fragilities for nuclear power plant risk studies. Nucl Eng Des 79(1):47–68
Kong C (2017) Rapid direct displacement-based assessment approach for bridge structures, A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty of North Carolina State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Raleigh, NC, USA
Kosic M, Dolsek M, Fajfar P (2016) Dispersions for pushover-based risk assessment of reinforced concrete frames ad cantilever walls. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 45:2163–2183
Kowalsky MJ (2002) Displacement-based approach for the seismic design of continuous concrete bridges. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 31:719–747
Magliulo G, Capozzi V, Fabbrocino G, Manfredi G (2008) Experimental determination of neoprene-concrete friction coefficient for seismic assessment of existing precast structures. In: Proceedings of the 14th world conference on earthquake engineering, October 12–17, 2008, Beijing, China
Maroney BA, Romstad KM, Kutter B (1993) Experimental testing of laterally loaded large scale bridge abutments. In: Structural engineering in natural hazards mitigation: proceedings of papers presented at the structures congress’93, vol 2. ASCE, New York, pp 1065–1070
Megally SH, Silva PF, Seible F (2000) Seismic response of external sacrificial shear keys, Report No. SSRP-2001/23, Department of Structural Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, May 2002
National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) (2012) Performance-based seismic bridge design: a synthesis of highway practice, NCHRP440. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC
Otani C (1974) SAKE, a computer program for inelastic response of R/C frames to earthquakes, Report UILU-ENG-74-2029, Civil Engineering Studies, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
Paolucci R, Petrini L, Smerzini C, Abbasi L (2013) Direct displacement based seismic assessment with soil-structure interaction. In: Sullivan TJ, Calvi GM (eds) Chapter 10 of research report ROSE—2013/01 developments in the field of displacement-based seismic assessment. IUSS Press, Pavia, pp 431–458
Priestley MJN, Seible F, Calvi GM (1996) Seismic design and retrofit of bridges. Wiley, New York
Priestley MJN, Calvi GM, Kowalsky MJ (2007) Displacement-based seismic design of structures. IUSS Press, Pavia
Ramanathan K, DesRoches R, Padgett JE (2010) Analytical fragility curves for multispan continuous steel girder bridge in moderate seismic zones. Transp Res Rec 2202:173–182
Sadan OB, Petrini L, Calvi GM (2012) Direct Displacement-based Seismic assessment procedure for multi span reinforced concrete bridges with single columns piers. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 42(73):1031–1051
Sextos A, Mackie K, Stojadinovic B, Taskari O (2008) Simplified p–y relationships for modeling embankment abutment systems of typical California bridges. In: Proceedings of the 14th world conference on earthquake engineering, October 12–17, 2008, Beijing, China
Shamsabadi A (2007) Three dimensional non linear seismic soil abutment foundation structure interaction analysis of skewed bridges, PhD thesis, University of Southern California, Supervised by Martins, G., CA, USA
Shinozuka M, Feng QM, Kim K, Kim S (2000) Nonlinear static procedure for fragility curve development. ASCE J Eng Mech 126(12):1287–1295
Smerzini C, Galasso C, Iervolino I, Paolucci R (2012) Ground motion record selection for displacement based seismic design and assessment. In: Proceedings of the 15th world conference on earthquake engineering, September 24–28, 2012, Lisbon, Portugal
Solberg KM, Dhakal RP, Mander JB, Bradley BA (2008) Computational and rapid expected annual loss estimation methodologies for structures. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 37(1):81–101
STRIT Project (2013) Deliverable D1.3.3, Research Project, Partners: Stress S.c.a.r.l., AMRA S.c.ar.l., Eucentre, Italy
Sullivan TJ, Calvi GM (2013) Toward displacement-based seismic assessment in Europe. In: Proceedings of the 2013 NZSEE conference New Zealand Society of Earthquake Engineering, New Zealand
Sullivan TJ, Priestley MJN, Calvi GM (eds) (2012) A model code for the displacement-based seismic design of structures, DBD12. IUSS Press, Pavia
Tortolini P, Marcantonio PR, Petrangeli M, Lupoi A (2011) Criteri per la verifica e la sostituzione degli appoggi in neoprene di viadotti esistenti in zona sismica. In: Proceedings of the 2011 ANIDIS conference, Bari 2011, Italy (in Italian)
Vamvatsikos D, Cornell CA (2002) Incremental dynamic analysis. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 31(3):491–514
Welch DP, Sullivan TJ, Calvi GM (2012) “Developing direct displacement-based design and assessment procedures for performance based earthquake engineering”, Rose Research Report 2012/03. IUSS Press, Pavia
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Cademartori, M., Sullivan, T.J. & Osmani, S. Displacement-based assessment of typical Italian RC bridges. Bull Earthquake Eng 18, 4299–4329 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-020-00861-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-020-00861-9