Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The influence of the endogenous and exogenous factors on hematological parameters in different fish species: a review

  • Published:
Aquaculture International Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Hematological studies of fishes are useful in the diagnosis of many diseases as well as investigation of the extent of damage to the blood. These parameters act as efficient and insightful index to examine health status, physiological and pathological changes occurring in various fishes, i.e., metabolic perturbations in fish body thereby acting as non-specific biomarkers in the field of environmental toxicology, deficiencies and chronic stress in natural as well as aquaculture systems and checking water quality. The assessments of these blood parameters help the biologists to understand the fish homeostasis and biomonitoring of severe and chronic patho-physiological changes inferable to nutrition, water quality, or disease so as to establish the normal reference values of different species and determine systematic relationships among them. Lot of work on various aspects of hematological parameters and their relation with ecological factors has been reported on several fish species from different parts of the world. Each study attributes one or other factors responsible for variation in hematological parameters among different fish species. Therefore, in the present study, an attempt has been made to compile the information about the hematological studies of various fish species reported from different parts of the world, and through this study, a general overview has been generated about the major factors responsible for the variation in hematological parameters of fish. The review provides an insight to the characteristics of hematological values showing that fluctuating internal environment of the fish, along with other intrinsic (age, body size, the cycle of sexual maturity, health condition, nutritional state, species) and extrinsic factors (temperature, stress, season, dissolved oxygen, water quality, lotic or lentic environment, stocking density, photoperiod, sampling conditions, laboratory techniques), are the reasons of huge variability of hematological parameters in fishes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adam HM, Agab H (2008) Haematological and biochemical indices of Clarias garipeinus collected from River Nile, Sudan. Suda Aca Sci J 2:91–97

    Google Scholar 

  • Adamante WB, Nuner APO, Barcellos LJG, Soso AB, Finco JA (2008) Stress in Salminus brasiliensis fingerlings due to different densities and times of transportation. Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec 60:755–761

    Google Scholar 

  • Adeyemo BT, Obande RA, Solomon SG (2014) Haematological reference ranges of cultured Clarias gariepinus in the Lower Benue River Basin, Nigeria. Comp Clin Pathol 23:361–366. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-012-1624-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adeyemo OK, Naigaga I, Alli RA (2009) Effect of handling and transportation on haematology of african catfish (Clarias gariepinus). J Fish Sci Com 3:333. https://doi.org/10.3153/jfscom.2009038

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed I, Sheikh ZA (2017) Study on the seasonal variation in the chemical composition, hematological profile, gonado-somatic index and hepato-somatic index of snow trout, Schizothorax niger from the freshwater Dal Lake, Kashmir. Am J Food Tech 12:1–13. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajft.2017.1.13

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akinrotimi OA, Abu OMG, Ansa EJ, Edun OM, George OS (2009) Hematological responses of Tilapia guineensis to acute stress. J Nat Appl Sci 5:338–343 https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ijonas/article/view/76681

    Google Scholar 

  • Al-Dohail MA, Hashim R, Aliyu-Paiko M (2009) Effects of the probiotic, Lactobacillus acidophilus, on the growth performance, haematology parameters and immunoglobulin concentration in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus, Burchell 1822) fingerling. Aquac Res 40:1642–1652. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2009.02265.x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aldrin JF, Messager JL, Laurencin FB (1982) La biochimie clinique en aquaculture. In Intérêt et perspective. CNEXO Actes Colloq 14:291–326

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Ghanim KA (2012) Malathion toxicity in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus—a haematological and biochemical study. Afri J Agri Res 7:561–567

    Google Scholar 

  • Alwan SF, Hadi AA, Shokr AE (2009) Alterations in hematological parameters of fresh water fish, Tilapia zillii, exposed to aluminum. J Sci Appl 3:12–19 http://uob.edu.ly/assets/uploads/pagedownloads/e56d4-12-19.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  • Anthony O, Kechukwu I, Obinnaya C (2010) Haematological profile of the African lungfish, Protopterus annectens (Owen) of Anambra River, Nigeria. Am J Sci 6:123–130

    Google Scholar 

  • Avilez IM, Altran AE, Aguiar LH, Moraes G (2004) Hematological responses of the Neotropical teleost matrinxa˜ (Brycon cephalus) to environmental nitrite. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 139:135–139

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aysel U, Keye T (2001) Determination of some haematological parameters in spotted barb (Capoetabarroisilortet,1894) and roach (Rutilus rutilus, linneaeus, 1758) living in Seyham River (Adana city region). J Vet Animal Vet Sci 26:849–858

    Google Scholar 

  • Azevedo TMP, Martins ML, Bozzo FR, Moraes FR (2006) Haematological and gill responses in parasitized tilapia from Valley of Tijucas River, SC, Brazil. Sci Agric 63:115–120

    Google Scholar 

  • Babalola TOO, Adebayo MA, Apata DF, Omotosho JS (2009) Effect of dietary alternative lipid sources on hematological parameters and serum constituents of Heterobranchus longifilis fingerlings. Trop Ani Health P 41:371–377

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baghizadeh E, Khara H (2015) Variability in hematology and plasma indices of common carp Cyprinus carpio, associated with age, sex and hormonal treatment. Iran J Fish Sci 14:99–111 http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/22759

    Google Scholar 

  • Bani A, Vayghan AH (2011) Temporal variations in haematological and biochemical indices of the Caspian kutum, Rutilus frisii kutum. Ichthyol Res 58:126–133. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10228-010-0199-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barnhart RA (1969) Effects of certain variables on hematological characteristics of rainbow trout. Trans Am Fish Soc 98:411–418 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1577/1548-8659%281969%2998%5B411%3AEO CVOH%5D2.0.CO%3B2

    Google Scholar 

  • Barton BA (2002) Stress in fishes: a diversity of responses with particular reference to changes in circulating corticosteroids. Integr Comp Biol 42:517–525. https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/42.3.517

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bell JG, Mcvicar AH, Park MT, Sargent JR (1991) High dietary linoleic acid affects the fatty acid compositions of individual phospholipids from tissues of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): association with stress susceptibility and cardiac lesion. J Nutr 121:1163–1172. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/121.8.1163

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beyea MM, Benfey TJ, Kieffer JD (2005) Hematology and stress physiology of juvenile diploid and triploid short nose sturgeon (Acipenser brevirostrum). Fish Physiol Biochem 31:303–313

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blaxhall PC (1972) The hematological assessment of the health of freshwater fish: a review of selected literature. J Fish Biol 4:593–604

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boon JH, Cannaerts VMH, Augustijn H, Machiels MAM, De Charleroy D, Ollevier F (1990) The effect of different infection levels with infective larvae of Anguillicola crassus on haematological parameters of European eel (Anguilla anguilla). Aquacul 87:243–253

    Google Scholar 

  • Brix O, Thorkildsen S, Colosimo A (2004) Temperature acclimation modulates the oxygen binding properties of the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) genotypes HbI*1/1, HbI*1/2 and HbI*2/2- by changing the concentrations of their major hemoglobin components (results from growth studies at different temperatures). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 138:241–251

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bromage N, Porter M, Randall C (2001) The environmental regulation of maturation in farmed finfish with special reference to the role of photoperiod and melatonin. Aquaculture 197:1–4

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown L (1993) Aquaculture for veterinarians. Pergamon Press Ltd, Oxford, Fish Husbandry and Medicine

    Google Scholar 

  • Burrows AS, Fletcher TC, Manning MJ (2001) Haematology of the turbot, Psetta maxima (L.): ultrastructural, cytochemical and morphological properties of peripheral blood leucocytes. J Appl Ichthyol 17:77–84. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0426.2001.00250.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell TW, Ellis C (2007) Avian blood parasites. In: Avian and exotic animal hematology and cytology. 3rd ed. Wiley-Blackwell, New York, pp. 34–38

  • Carvalho CS, Fernandes MN (2006) Effect of temperature on copper toxicity and hematological responses in the neotropical fish Prochilodus scrofa at low and high pH. Aquaculture 251:109–117

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cazenave J, Wunderlin DA, Hued AC, Bistoni ML (2005) Haematological parameters in a neotropical fish, Corydoras paleatus (Jenyns, 1842) (Pisces, Callichthyidae), captured from pristine and polluted water. Hydrobiol 537:25–33

    Google Scholar 

  • Cech JJ Jr, Wohlschlag DE (1982) Seasonal patterns of respiration, gill ventilation, and hematological characteristics in the striped mullet, Mugil cephalus L. B Mar Sci 32:130–138 https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/umrsmas/bullmar/1982/00000032/00000001/art00007

    Google Scholar 

  • Cericato L, Neto JGM, Kreutz LC, Quevedo RM, da Rosa JGS, Koakoski G, Centenaro L, Pottker E, Marqueze A, Barcellos LJ (2009) Responsiveness of the interrenal tissue of Jundiá (Rhamdia quelen) to an in vivo ACTH test following acute exposure to sublethal concentrations of agrichemicals. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 149:363–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpc.2008.09.002

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chaudhary SH, Pandit T, Banerjee S (1986) Size and sex related variations of some blood parameters of Sarotherodon mossambicus. Enivor And Ecol 4:61–63

    Google Scholar 

  • Chelladurai G, Veni T, Mohanraj J, Nagarajan R (2017) Effect of herbal extracts supplemented diets on non specific immunity and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila in Indian cat fish (Mystus montanus). J Zoo Biosci Res 1 https://www.journalzbr.com/index.php/jzbr/article/view/13

  • Chrousos GP, Gold PW (1992) The concepts of stress and stress system disorders: overview of physical and behavioral homeostasis. Jama 267:1244–1252. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1992.03480090092034

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clark S, Whitmore DH Jr, McMahon RF (1979) Considerations of blood parameters of largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides. J Fish Biol 14:147–158. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1979.tb03504.x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clauss TM, Dove AD, Arnold JE (2008) Hematologic disorders of fish. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 11:445–462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvex.2008.03.007

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cnaani A, Tinman S, Avidar Y, Ron M, Hulata G (2004) Comparative study of biochemical parameters in response to stress in Oreochromis aureus, O. mossambicus and two strains of O. niloticus. Aquac Res 35:1434–1440. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2004.01167.x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Daniels HV, Gallagher ML (2000) Effect of dietary protein level on growth and blood parameters in summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus. J Appl Aqua 10:45–52

    Google Scholar 

  • Das A, Jena J, Sahoo P (2012) Haematological and innate immune responses in Puntius sarana: normal range and seasonal variation. Open Life Sci 7:460–469. https://doi.org/10.2478/s11535-012-0026-3

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Das BC (1965) Age related trends in the blood chemistry and hematology of the Indian carp (Catla catla). Gerontologia 10:47–64

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dawson MA (1990) Blood chemistry of the windowpane flounder Scophthalmus aquosus in long island sound: geographical, seasonal and experimental variations. Fish Bull 88:429–437

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Pedro N, Guijarro AI, Lopez-Patino MA, Martinez-Alvarez R, Delgado MJ (2005) Daily and seasonal variations in haematological and blood biochemical parameters in the tench, Tinca tinca Linnaeus, 1758. Aquac Res 36:1185–1196. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2005.01338.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Souza Neves M, Barbas LAL, Fujimoto RY (2014) Hematology and recovery response in jacundá, Crenicichla saxatilis (L innaeus, 1758) after short-term handling stress. J Appl Ichthyol 30:42–47. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.12298

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Demska-Zakęś K, Zakęś K, Ziomek E, Jarmolowicz S (2012) Impact of feeding juvenile tench (Tinca tinca) feeds supplemented with vegetable oils on hematological indexes and liver histology. Arc Pol Fis 20:67–75

    Google Scholar 

  • Denton JE, Yousef MK (1975) Seasonal changes in hematology of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. Comp Biochem Physiol A Physiol 51:151–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/0300-9629(75)90428-4

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diniz NM, Honorato CA (2012) Algumas alternativas para diminuir os efeitos do estresse em peixes de cultivo-revisao. Arq Cein Vet Zool da UNIPAR 15:149–154

    Google Scholar 

  • Dube SC, Munshi JSD (1973) A quantitative study of the erythrocytes and hemoglobin in the blood of an air breathing fish, Anabas testudineus (Bloch.) in relation to its body size. Folia Haematol LPZ 4:435–445

    Google Scholar 

  • Duncan PL, Lovell RT, Butterworth CE Jr, Freeberg LE, Tamura T (1993) Dietary folate requirement determined for channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. J Nutr 123:1888–1897. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/123.11.1888

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis AE (1981) Immunology of teleosts. In: Roberts RJ (ed) Fish pathology, 2nd edn. Bailliere Tindall, London, pp 103–117

    Google Scholar 

  • Ezzat AA, Shabana MB, Farghaly AM (1973) Studies on the blood characteristic of Tilapia zilli (Gervais). J Fish Biol 6:1–12

  • Fallah FJ, Khara H, Roohi JD, Boorani MS (2014) Hematological parameters of pike Esox lucius in relation to different ages and seasons. Comp Clin Path 23:949–953. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-013-1719-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Farahi A, Kasiri M, Sudagar M, Soleimani Iraei M, Zorriehzahra SMJ (2012) Effect of dietary supplementation of Melissa officinalis and Aloe vera on hematological traits, lipid oxidation of carcass and performance in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). OJAFR 1:1–5 http://www.academia.edu/download/46772476/EFFECT_OF_DIETARY_SUPPLEMENTATION_OF_Mel20160624-9155-eyr11t.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  • Fazio F (2019) Fish hematology analysis as an important tool of aquaculture: a review. Aquaculture 500:237–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.10.030

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fazio F, Marafioti S, Arfuso F, Piccione G, Faggio C (2013) Influence of different salinity on haematological and biochemical parameters of the widely cultured mullet, Mugil cephalus. Mar Freshw Behav Phy 46:211–218. https://doi.org/10.1080/10236244.2013.817728

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fazio F, Saoca C, Casella S, Fortino G, Piccione G (2015) Relationship between blood parameters and biometric indices of Sparus aurata and Dicentrarchus labrax cultured in onshore tanks. Mar Freshw Behav Phy 48:289–296. https://doi.org/10.1080/10236244.2015.1041239

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fazio F, Saoca C, Vazzana I, Piccione G (2017) Influence of body size on blood hemogram in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792). Vet Med Open J 2:91–94. https://doi.org/10.17140/VMOJ-2-121

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fernandez MN, Mazon AF (2003) Environmental pollution and fish gill morphology. In: Val AL, Kappor BG (eds) Fish adaptations, scientific publishers. Enfield, pp 203–231

  • Firouzbakhsh F, Noori F, Khalesi MK, Jang-Khalili K (2011) Effects of probiotic, protexin on growth performance and hematological parameters in the oscar (Astronotus ocellatus) fingerlings. Fish Physiol Biochem 37:833–842

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fourie FLR, Hattingh J (1976) A seasonal study of the hematology of carp, Cyprinus carpio from a locality in the Transvaal, South Africa. Afr Zool 1:75–80

    Google Scholar 

  • Fracalossi DM, Lovell RT (1994) Dietary lipid sources influence responses of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) to challenge with the pathogen Edwardsiella ictaluri. Aquaculture 119:287–298. https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(94)90183-x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frangioni G, Berti R, Borgioli G (1997) Hepatic respiratory compensation and haematological changes in the cave cyprinid, Phreatichthys andruzzii. J Comp Physiol B 167:461–467. https://doi.org/10.1007/s003600050097

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gagnon A, Jumarie C, Hontela A (2006) Effects of Cu on plasma cortisol and cortisol secretion by adrenocortical cells of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquat Toxicol 78:59–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2006.02.004

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gbore FA, Oginni O, Adewole AM, Aladetan JO (2006) The effect of transportation and handling stress on hematology and plasma biochemistry in fingerlings of Clarias gariepinus and Tilapia zillii. World J Agric Sci 2:208–212

    Google Scholar 

  • Gelineo S (1969) Haemoglobin concentration in the blood of fish. Bull Acad Serbe Sci Arts Cl Sci Mathnat 12:25–67

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gjedrem T (1997) Breeding to raise resistance. In: Furunculosis. Academic Press, pp 405–418. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-012093040-1/50021-x

  • Gjedrem T, Aulstad D (1974) Selection experiments with salmon: I. Differences in resistance to vibrio disease of salmon parr (Salmo salar). Aquaculture 3:51–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(74)90098-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Golemi S, Medja N, Lacej D (2013) Influence of sex on the hematological and morphometric parameters of Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758) from Shkodra Lake. Acad J Interdiscipl S 2:45. https://doi.org/10.5901/ajis.2013.v2n8p45

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greene DH, Selivonchick DP (1990) Effects of dietary vegetable, animal and marine lipids on muscle lipid and hematology of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture 89:165–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(90)90308-a

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Groff JM, Zinkl JG (1999) Hematology and clinical chemistry of cyprinid fish: common carp and goldfish. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2:741–776. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1094-9194(17)30120-2

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grzelak AK, Davis DJ, Caraker SM, Crim MJ, Spitsbergen JM, Wiedmeyer CE (2017) Stress leukogram induced by acute and chronic stress in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Comp Med 67:263–269 https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/aalas/cm/2017/00000067/00000003/art00009

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Guakghua L (1979) Hematological studies of crucian carp. Acta Zool Sin:03–004

  • Guanghua L, Fengwang Z, Yijiang H, Chengyu H (1998) Hematological study of two-years old silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and bighead carp, Aristichthys nobilix [J]. Acta Hydrobiol Sin 1:001 http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-SSWX199801001.htm

    Google Scholar 

  • Guijarro AI, Lopez-Patiño MA, Pinillos ML, Isorna E, De Pedro N, Alonso-Gomez AL et al (2003) Seasonal changes in haematology and metabolic resources in the tench. J Fish Biol 62:803–815. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1095-8649.2003.00066.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haghighi M, Rohani MS (2013) The effects of powdered ginger (Zingiber officinale) on the haematological and immunological parameters of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. JMPHTR 1:8–12 https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/95ef/efe0ef972bdc0c890a2c5384142a25d2d850.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamre K, Waagbo R, Berge RK, Lie O (1997) Vitamins C and E interact in juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar, L.). Free Radic Biol Med 22:137–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(96)00281-X

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hanan SG, El-Kasheif MA, Ibrahim SA, Authman MMN (2013) Effect of water pollution in El-Rahawy drainage canal on hematology and organs of freshwater fish Clarias gariepinus. World Appl Sci J 21:329–341

    Google Scholar 

  • Harikrishnan R, Balasundaram C, Heo MS (2010) Herbal supplementation diets on hematology and innate immunity in goldfish against Aeromonas hydrophila. Fish Shellfish Immun 28:354–361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2009.11.013

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harikrishnan R, Balasundaram C, Heo MS (2012) Effect of Inonotus obliquus enriched diet on hematology, immune response, and disease protection in kelp grouper, Epinephelus bruneus against Vibrio harveyi. Aquaculture 344:48–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2012.03.010

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hedayati A, Tarkhani R (2013) Hematological and gill histopathological changes in iridescent shark, Pangasius hypopthalamus (Sauvage 1878) exposed to sublethal diazinon and deltamethrin concentrations. Fish Physiol Biochem:1–6

  • Hickey CR Jr (1982) Comparative hematology of wild and captive cunners. Trans Am Fish Soc 111:242–249. https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1982)111%3C242:chowac%3E2.0.co;2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hofer R, Stoll M, Romani N, Koch F, Sordyl H (2000) Seasonal changes in blood cells of Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus L.) from a high mountain lake. Aquat Sci 62:308–319. https://doi.org/10.1007/pl00001337

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hrubec TC, Smith SA (2000) Hematology of fish. In: Feldman BF, Zinkl JG, Jain NC (eds) Schalm’s veterinary hematology, 5th edn. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins p, Philadelphia, pp 1120–1125

    Google Scholar 

  • Hrubec TC, Smith SA, Robertson JL (2001) Age-related changes in hematology and plasma chemistry values of hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops× Morone saxatilis). Vet Clin Pathol 30:8–15. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-165X.2001.tb00249.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Humphrey JD, Langdon, JS (1985) Proceedings of workshop on diseases of Australian fish and shellfish (27–30 May 1985, Benalla, Victoria). Australian Fish Health Reference Laboratory, Eds. Benalla. 311 pp.

  • Hussein MF, Helmy AH, Badawi HK, El-Bishry A (1974) A haematological study of healthy Anguilla vulgaris and Mugil cephalus. Bull Ins Oceanograp Fisher 4:347–366

  • Ibrahem MD, Fathi M, Mesalhy S, El-Aty AA (2010) Effect of dietary supplementation of inulin and vitamin C on the growth, hematology, innate immunity, and resistance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Fish Shellfish Immun 29:241–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2010.03.004

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ihut A, Raducu C, Laţiu C, Cocan D, Uiuiu P, Miresan V (2018) The influence of season variation on hematological parameters and oxidative stress for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Bull UASVM Anim Scie Biotech 75:1. https://doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-asb:003517

  • Ikechukwu OA, Obinnaya CL (2010) Haematological profile of the African lungfish, Protopterus annectens (Owen) of Anambra River, Nigeria. J Am Sci 6:123–130. https://doi.org/10.4314/jeca.v4i2.30949

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Innocent BX, Fathima MSA, Sivagurunathan A (2011) Haematology of Cirrhinus mrigala fed with vitamin C supplemented diet and post challenged by Aphanomyces invadens. J Appl Pharma Sci 1:141–144

    Google Scholar 

  • Jamalzadeh HR, Ghomi MR (2009) Hematological parameters of Caspian salmon Salmo trutta caspius associated with age and season. Mar Freshwater Behav Physiol 42:81–87. https://doi.org/10.1080/10236240902771226

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jamalzadeh HR, Keyvan A, Ghomi MR, Gherardi F (2009) Comparison of blood indices in healthy and fungal infected Caspian salmon (Salmo trutta caspius). Af J Biotechnol 8:319–322

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jarboe HH, Robinette HR, Bowser PR (1989) Effect of selected vitamin E supplementations of channel catfish production feeds. Prog Fish-Cult 51:91–94. https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1989)051%3C0091:eosves%3E2.3.co;2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Javed M, Ahmad I, Ahmad A, Usmani N, Ahmad M (2016) Studies on the alterations in haemological indices, micronuclei induction and pathological marker enzyme activities in Channa punctatus (spotted snakehead) perciformes, channidae exposed to the thermal power plant effluent. Springer Plus 5:761

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Javed M, Usmani N (2012) Toxic effects of heavy metals (Cu, Ni, Fe Co, Mn, Cr, Zn) to the hematology of Mastacembelus armatus thriving in Harduaganj. Glob J Med Res 12:59–64

    Google Scholar 

  • Javed M, Usmani N (2014) Assessment of heavy metals (Cu, Ni, Fe, Co, Mn, Cr, Zn) in rivulet water, their accumulations and alterations in hematology of fish Channa punctatus. Afr J Biotechnol 13:492–501. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB2013.13131

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jawad LA, Al-Mukhtar MA, Ahmed HK (2004) The relationship between haematocrit and some biological parameters of the Indian shad, Tenualosa ilisha (family Clupeidae). Anim Biodiv Conserv 27:47–52

    Google Scholar 

  • Jeronimo GT, Laffitte LV, Speck GM, Martins ML (2011) Seasonal influence on the hematological parameters in cultured Nile tilapia from southern Brazil. Braz J Biol 71:719–725. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842011000400017

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • John PJ (2007) Alteration of certain blood parameters of freshwater teleost Mystus vittatus after chronic exposure to Metasystox and Sevin. Fish Physiol Biochem 33:15–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-006-9112-7

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klinger RC, Blazer VS, Echevarria C (1996) Effects of dietary lipid on the hematology of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. Aquaculture 147:225–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0044-8486(96)01410-x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kohanestani ZM, Hajimoradloo A, Ghorbani R, Yulghi S, Hoseini A, Molaee M (2013) Seasonal variations in hematological parameters of Alburnoides eichwaldii in Zaringol Stream-Golestan Province, Iran. World J Fish Mar Sci 5:121–126. https://doi.org/10.5829/idosi.wjfms.2013.05.02.71110

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Korcock DE, Houston AH, Gray JD (1988) Effects of sampling conditions on selected blood variables of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson. J Fish Biol 33:319–330. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1988.tb05474.x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar S, Lata S, Gopal K (1999) Deltamethrin induced physiological changes in freshwater cat fish Heteropneustes fossilis. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 62:254–258

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lall SP (2000) Nutrition and health in fish. In: Cruz-Suarez IE, Ricque D, Tapia-Salazar M, Olvera Novoa MA, Cerecedo R (eds) Avances en Nutricion Acuicola V Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Mexico, pp 13–23

  • Lane HC (1979) Progressive changes in haematology and tissue water of sexually mature trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson during the autumn and winter. J Fish Biol 15:425–436. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1979.tb03626.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leonardi MO, Klempau AE (2003) Artificial photoperiod influence on the immune system of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in the Southern Hemisphere. Aquaculture 221:581–591. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0044-8486(03)00032-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leray C, Nonnotte G, Nonnotte L (1986) The effect of dietary lipids on the trout erythrocyte membrane. Fish Physiol Biochem 1:27–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02309591

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li MH, Wise DJ, Johnson MR, Robinson EH (1994) Dietary menhaden oil reduced resistance of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) to Edwardsiella ictaluri. Aquaculture 128:335–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(94)90321-2

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lim C, Klesius PH (2003) Influence of feed deprivation on hematology, macrophage chemotaxis, and resistance to Edwardsiella ictaluri challenge of channel catfish. J Aquat Anim Health 15:13–20. https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8667(2003)015%3C0013:iofdoh%3E2.0.co;2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luskova V (1998) Factors affecting haematological indices in free-living fish populations. Acta Vet Brno 67:249–255

  • Mackie TJ, Arkwright JA, Pryce-Tannatt TE, Mottram JC, Johnston WD, Menzies WJM (1935) Final report of the Furunculosis Committee. His Majesty’s Stationery O $ ce: Edinburgh

  • Martinez FJ, Garcia-Riera MP, Ganteras M, De Costa J, Zamora S (1994) Blood parameters in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): simultaneous influence of various factors. Comp Biochem Physiol A Physiol 107:95–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/0300-9629(94)90279-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martins ML, Moraes FR, Fujimoto RY, Onaka EM, Bozzo FR, Moraes JRE (2006) Carrageenin induced inflammation in Piaractus mesopotamicus (Osteichthyes:Characidae) cultured in Brazil. Bol Inst Pesca 32:31–39

    Google Scholar 

  • Martins ML, Tavares-Dias M, Fujimoto RY, Onaka EM, Nomura DT (2004) Haematological alterations of Leporinus macrocephalus (Osteichtyes: Anostomidae) naturally infected by Goezia leporini (Nematoda: Anisakidae) in fish pond. Arq Bras Med Vet Zootec, 56:640–646. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-09352004000500011

  • Milad A, Safari S, Yeganeh S, Satheesh Kumar P, Safaie P (2017) Hematological and biochemical profile of pike breeders (Esox lucius Linneaus, 1758) from the Anzali Wetland, Caspian Sea. Proc Natl Acad Sci India Sect B Biol Sci 87:1271–1276. https://doi.org/10.1007/s/40011-015-0704-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Milad A, Satheesh Kumar P, ShafighS HF, Zorriehzahra Jalil M (2016) Comparative study of haematological, serum electrolyte and nonelectrolyte parameters of male and female Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus) brood stocks. Acta Oceano Sinica 35:39–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13131-016-0869-y

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Modesto KA, Martinez CB (2010) Effects of roundup Transorb on fish: hematology, antioxidant defenses and acetylcholinesterase activity. Chemosphere 81:781–787. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.07.005

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Montero D, Marrero M, Izquierdo MS, Robaina L, Vergara JM, Tort L (1999) Effect of vitamin E and C dietary supplementation on some immune parameters of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) juveniles subjected to crowding stress. Aquaculture 171:269–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0044-8486(98)00387-1

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Montero D, Tort L, Robaina L, Vergara JM, Izquierdo MS (2001) Low vitamin E in diet reduces stress resistance of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) juveniles. Fish Shellfish Immunol 11:473–490. https://doi.org/10.1006/fsim.2000.0324

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morales AE, Cardenete G, Abellán E, GarcIa-Rejon L (2005) Stress-related physiological responses to handling in common dentex (Dentex dentex Linnaeus, 1758). Aquac Res 36:33–40. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2004.01180.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moshfegh A, Setorki M, Bahrpeyma V, Tehranifard A, Rahimibashar M (2018) Hematology and plasma chemistry reference intervals for wild population of Alburnus chalcoides (Guldenstadt, 1772): influence of sex, habitat and seasonal variation. Int J Aquat Biol 6:162–169. https://doi.org/10.22034/ijab.v6i3.377

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Motlagh SP, Zarejabad AM, Nasrabadi RG, Ahmadifar E, Molaee M (2012) Haematology, morphology and blood cells characteristics of male and female Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens). Comp Clin Path 21:15–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-010-1058-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mozanzadeh MT, Yaghoubi M, Yavari V, Agh N, Marammazi JG, Popovic NT (2015) Reference intervals for haematological and plasma biochemical parameters in sobaity sea bream juveniles (Sparidentex hasta, Valenciennes 1830). Comp Clin Pathol 24:1501–1507. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-015-2107-y

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Munkittrick KR, Leatherland JF (1983) Haematocrit values in feral goldfish, Camssius auratus L., as indicators of the health of the population. J Fish Biol 23:153–161. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1983.tb02890.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Narejo NT, Rashid MM, Rahmatullah SM (2002) Seasonal and sex related haematological variations of the freshwater spiny eel, Mastacembelus armatus reared in the cemented cisterns. (Lacepede) Bangladesh J Fish Res 6: 141–147

  • Nascimento CR, Souza MM, Martinez CB (2012) Copper and the herbicide atrazine impair the stress response of the freshwater fish Prochilodus lineatus. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 155:456–461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpc.2011.12.002

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nascimento NF, Nakaghi LS, Hilbig CC, Ventura AS, de Azevedo AC, Dean AF, Bombardelli RA (2016) Influences of sex and age on the hematological profile of the Jundiá (silver catfish) Rhamdia quelen. J Aquat Anim Health 28:161–165. https://doi.org/10.1080/08997659.2016.1173603

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • NRC (National Research Council) (1993) Nutrient requirements of fish. National Academy Press, Washington, District of Columbia, USA, Committee on Animal Nutrition. Board on Agriculture. NRC

    Google Scholar 

  • Nurullah M, Kamal M, Wahab MA, Islam MN, Ahasan CT, Thilsted S (2003) Nutritional quality of some small indigenous fish species of Bangladesh. In BAU-ENRECA/DANIDA Workshop on Potentials of Small Indigenous Species of Fish (SIS) in Aquaculture and Rice-field Stocking for Improved Food and Nutrition Security in Bangladesh, Small indigenous species of fish in Bangladesh (pp. 151-158). Christian Ejlers. http://www.forskningsdatabasen.dk/en/catalog/2398268059

  • Okorie-Kanu CO, Unakalamba NJ (2015) Normal haematological and blood biochemistry values of cultured Heteroclarias hybrid in South East Nigeria. Comp Clin Path 24:1015–1020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-014-2021-8

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olivier G, Friars GW, Bailey J (1988) Genetic basis for resistance to furunculosis in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Bull Aquac Assoc Can 88:88

    Google Scholar 

  • Ololade IA, Oginni O (2010) Toxic stress and hematological effects of nickel on African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, fingerlings. J Environ Chem Ecotoxicol 2:014–019 http://www.academicjournals.org/jece

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olsen RE, Lovaas E, Lie O (1999) The influence of temperature, dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids, α-tocopherol and spermine on fatty acid composition and indices of oxidative stress in juvenile Arctic char, Salvelinus alpinus (L.). Fish Physiol Biochem 20:13–29. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007767827996

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Orun I, Erdemll AO (2002) A study on blood parameters of Capoeta trutta (Heckel, 1843). J Biol Sci 2:508–511. https://doi.org/10.3923/jbs.2002.508.511

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Orun I, Dorucu M, Yazlak H (2003) Haematological parameters of three cyprinid fish species from Karakaya Dam Lake, Turkey. Online J Biol Sci 3:320–328. https://doi.org/10.3923/jbs.2003.320.328

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ovie K, Gbemi OM, Bemigho IR (2009) Haematological response of the African catfish: Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) to sublethal concentrations of potassium permanganate. Scient Res Ess 4:457–466

    Google Scholar 

  • Owolabi OD (2011) Haematological and serum biochemical profile of the upside-down catfish, Synodontis membranacea Geoffroy Saint Hilaire from Jebba Lake, Nigeria. Comp Clin Path 20:163–172. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-010-0973-x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pamila D, Subbaiyan PA, Ramaswamy M (1991) Toxic effect of chromium and cobalt on Sartherodon mossambicus (peters). Indian J Environ Hlth 33:218–224

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patriche T (2009) The importance of glucose determination in the blood of the cyprinids. Scientific Papers J Anim Sci Biotechno 42:102–106 http://www.spasb.ro/index.php/spasb/article/view/1058

    Google Scholar 

  • Pickering AD (1993) Growth and stress in fish production. In: Genetics in aquaculture, pp 51–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-81527-9.50010-5

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Poston HA (1964) Effect of dietary vitamin K and sulfaguanidine on blood coagulation time, microhematocrit, and growth of immature brook trout. Prog Fish Cult 26:59–64. https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8659(1964)26[59:eodvka]2.0.co;2

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prado LRGB, Felix C, Abessa DMS, Buruaem LM, Abujamara LD, Kirschbaum AA et al (2015) Hematological parameters and nuclear abnormalities in peripheral erythrocytes of Achirus lineatus (Pleuronectiformes:Achiridae). Comp Clin Pathol DOI. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-014-1880-3

  • Preston A (1960) Red blood values in the plaice (Pleuronectes platessa L.). J Mar Biol Assoc U K 39:681–687. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400013631

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raizada MN, Jain KK, Raizada S (1983) Monthly variations in the hematocrit values (PCV) in a teleost, Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham.). J Comp Physiol 3:196–198

    Google Scholar 

  • Ram-Bhaskar B, Srinivasa-Rao K (1989) Influence of environmental variables on hematology and compendium of normal hematological ranges of milkfish, Chanos chanos (Forskal) in brackish culture. Aquaculture 83:123–136

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramesh M, Saravanan M (2008) Haematological and biochemical responses in a freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio exposed to chlorpyrifos. Int J Integr Biol 3:80–83 https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mathan_Ramesh/publication/228512774_Haematological_and_biochemical_responses_in_a_freshwater_fish_Cyprinus_carpio_exposed_to_chorpyrifos/links/5534e4170cf283a8f60bea4a.pdf

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramesh M, Srinivasan R, Saravanan M (2009) Effect of atrazine (herbicide) on blood parameters of common carp Cyprinus carpio (Actinopterygii: Cypriniformes ). Afr J Env Sci Tech 3:453–458

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ranzani-Paiva MJ, Ishikawa CM (1996) Haematological characteristics of freshwater-reared and wild mullet, Mugil platanus Günther (Osteichthyes, Mugilidae). Rev Bras Zool 13:561–568. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-81751996000300004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ranzani-Paiva MJT, Rodrigues EL, Veiga ML, Eiras AC, Campos BES (2003) Differential leukocytes counts in “Dourado” Salminus maxillous Valenciennes, 1840, from the Mogi-Guacu River, Pirassiununga, SP. Braz J Biol 63:517–525. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842003000300018

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rao KRS, Bhaskar BR, Rao DP, Durga-prasad YVK (1989) Hemograms of six marine teleosts from visakhapatuam coast [India]. Proc Indian Natl Sc Acad Part B Biol Sci 55:103–106

    Google Scholar 

  • Rashid MM, Alam MM, Abdurrazzak M, Bhuiyan KJ (2005) Changes on haematological parameters of artificially infected Thai pangus Pangasius hypopthalamus by Edwardsiella tarda bacteria. J Bangladesh Agril Univ 3:105–112 ISSN 1810-3030

    Google Scholar 

  • Rashidi Z, Khara H, Mousavi-Sabet H (2012) Hematological profile of the mature Rutilus frisii kutum (Cyprinidae). Migrated to the Tajan River in the Southern Caspian Sea. World J Fish Mar Sci 4:665–671

    Google Scholar 

  • Rauthan JVS, Grover SP (1994) Effect of some eco-physiological conditions on haematological values of hillstream fish Barilius bendelisis (Hamilton) of Doon Valley. Uttar Pradesh J Zool 14:147–150 http://mbimph.com/index.php/UPJOZ/article/view/1333

    Google Scholar 

  • Reda RM, Mahmoud R, Selim KM, El-Araby IE (2016) Effects of dietary acidifiers on growth, hematology, immune response and disease resistance of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Fish Shellfish Immunol 50:255–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2016.01.040

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rehulka J, Minarik B, Rehulkova E (2004) Red blood cell indices of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) in aquaculture. Aquac Res 35:529–546. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2004.01035.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rigos G, Samartzis A, Henry M, Fountoulaki E, Cotou E, Sweetman J, Davies S, Nengas J (2010) Effects of additive iron on growth, tissue distribution, haematology and immunology of gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata. Aqua Inter 18:1093–1104

  • Rios FS, Kalinin AL, Rantin FT (2002) The effects of long-term food deprivation on respiration and haematology of the neotropical fish Hoplias malabaricus. J Fish Biol 61:85–95. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2002.tb01738.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rios FS, Oba ET, Fernandes MN, Kalinin AL, Rantin FT (2005) Erythrocyte senescence and haematological changes induced by starvation in the neotropical fish traira, Hoplias malabaricus (Chara, ciformes, Erythrinidae). Comp Biochem Physiol A 140:281–287

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts RJ, Ellis AE (2001) The anatomy and physiology of teleosts. In: Roberts R (ed) Fish Pathol. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 12–54. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118222942.ch2

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Romano N, Scapigliati G, Abelli L (2017) Water oxygen content affects distribution of T and B lymphocytes in lymphoid tissues of farmed sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Fishes 2:16. https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes2030016

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sandstrom O (1989) Seasonal variations in some blood parameters in perch, Perca fluviatilis L. J Appl Ichthyol 5:80–84

    Google Scholar 

  • Saravanan M, Kumar KP, Ramesh M (2011) Haematological and biochemical responses of freshwater teleost fish Cyprinus carpio (Actinopterygii: Cypriniformes) during acute and chronic sublethal exposure to lindane. Pestic Biochem Phys 100:206–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2011.04.002

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sebastiao FA, Nomura D, Sakabe R, Pilarski F (2011) Hematology and productive performance of nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) naturally infected with Flavobacterium columnare. Braz J Microbiol 42:282–289. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1517-83822011000100036

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Shah SL, Altindag A (2005) Alterations in the immunological parameters of Tench (Tinca tinca L. 1758) after acute and chronic exposure to lethal and sublethal treatments with mercury, cadmium and lead. Turk J Vet Anim Sci 29:1163–1168

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shaheen T, Akhtar T (2012) Assessment of chromium toxicity in Cyprinus carpio through hematological and biochemical blood markers. Turk J Zool 36:682–690

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shahjahan M, Kitashahi T, Ando H (2017) Temperature effects maturation through the control of kisspeptin, kisspeptin receptor, GnRH and GTH subunit gene expression in the grass puffer during the spawning season. Gen Comp Endocrinol 243:138–145

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shahjahan M, Kitashahi T, Ogawa S, Parhar IS (2013) Temperature differentially regulates the two kisspeptin system in the brain of zebrafish. Gen Comp Endocrinol 193:79–85

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shahjahan MD, Helaluddin MD, Bain V, Haque MM (2018) Increased water temperature altered hematobiochemical parameters and structure of peripheral erythrocytes in striped catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus. Fish Physiol Biochem 44:1309–1318. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-018-0522-0

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma NK, Akhtar MS, Pandey NN, Singh R, Singh AK (2017) Sex specific seasonal variation in hematological and serum biochemical indices of Barilius bendelisis from Central Himalaya, India. Proc Natl Acad Sci India Sect B Biol Sci 87:1185–1197. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40011-015-0692-9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma T, Joshi BD (1986) Studies on some haematological values of hill stream fish Tor putitora in relation to body size. J Adv Zool 7:93–96

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheikh ZA, Ahmed I (2016) Seasonal changes in hematological parameters of snow trout Schizothorax plagiostomus (Heckel 1838). Int J Fauna Biol Stud 3:33–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Shiau SY, Hsu CY (2002) Vitamin E sparing effect by dietary vitamin C in juvenile hybrid tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus × O. aureus. Aquaculture 210:335–342. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00853-5

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siakpere OK, Ikomi U (2011) Alterations in some haematological parameters of the African snakehead: Parachanna africans exposed to cadmium. Not Sci Biol 3:29–34

    Google Scholar 

  • Siddiqui AQ, Nasim SM (1979) The hematology of mrigal, Cirrhina mrigala (Ham.) (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). Ann Anat 146:262–269

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Silveira-Coffigny R, Prieto-Trujillo A, Ascencio-Valle F (2004) Effects of different stressors in haematological variables in cultured Oreochromis aureus S. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 139:245–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2004.11.009

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singh D, Nath N, Trivedi SP, Sharma YK (2008) Impact of copper on hematological profile of freshwater fish, Channa punctatus. J Environ Biol 29:253–257

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Skonberg DI, Perkins BL (2002) Nutrient composition of green crab (Carcinus maenus) leg meat and claw meat. Food Chem 77:401–404. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0308-8146(01)00364-8

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smirnova LI (1965) Blood indicies of barbot during prolonged total fastings and subsequent feedings. Proc Acad Sci U.S.S.R. (Engl. Trans) 190:170–175

    Google Scholar 

  • Smit GL, Hattingh J, Ferreira JT (1981) The physiological responses of blood during thermal adaptation in three freshwater fish species. J Fish Biol 19:147–160

    Google Scholar 

  • Sopińska A (1984) Effects of physiological factors, stress and disease on hematological parameters, with a particular reference to leukocyte pattern. II. Hematological results of stress in carp. Act Ichthyol E Pisca 14:121–139

    Google Scholar 

  • Srivastava S, Choudhary SK (2010) Effect of artificial photoperiod on the blood cell indices of the catfish, Clarias batrachus. J Stress Physiol Biochem 6:22–32

    Google Scholar 

  • Steinhagen D, Kruse P, Korting W (1990) Some haematological observations on carp, Cyprinus carpio L., experimentally infected with Trypanoplasma borreli Laveran and Mesnil, 1901 (Protozoa: Kinetoplastida). J Fish Dis 13:157–162. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1990.tb00768.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Summerfelt RC, Lewis WM, Ulrich MG (1967) Measurement of some hematological characteristics of the goldfish. Prog Fish Cult 29:13–20

    Google Scholar 

  • Svetina A, Matasin Z, Tofant A et al (2002) Haematology and some blood chemical parameters of young carp till the age of three years. Acta Vet Hung 50:459–467. https://doi.org/10.1556/AVet.50.2002.4.8

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Svobodova Z, Vykusova B (1991) Diagnostics, prevention and therapy of fish diseases and intoxications. Manual. Research Inst. of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology

  • Talukdar B, Kalita HK, Basumatary S, Saikia DJ, Sarma D (2017) Cytotoxic and genotoxic affects of acid mine drainage on fish Channa punctata (Bloch). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 144:72–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.06.007

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tang Y, Peng X, Fang J, Cui HM, Zuo ZC, Deng JL (2015) Characterization of hematological parameters and blood cells of cultured Gymnocypris eckloni Herzenstein, 1891. J Appl Ichthyol 31:931–936. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.12798

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tavares-Dias M, Moraes FR (2004) Hematologia de peixes teleósteos. Villimpress Complexo Gráfio, Ribeirão Preto

    Google Scholar 

  • Tort L, Sunyer JO, Gomez E, Molinero A (1996) Crowding stress induces changes in serum haemolytic and agglutinating activity in the gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 51:179–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-2427(95)05502-9

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tun N, Houston AH (1986) Temperature, oxygen, photoperiod, and the hemoglobin system of the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. Can J Zool 64:1883–1888. https://doi.org/10.1139/z86-281

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Val AL, Schwantes AR, Almeida-Val VMF, Schwantes MLB (1985) Hemoglobin, hematology, intraerythrocytyc phosphates and whole blood bohr effect from lotic and lentic Hypostomus regani populations (São Paulo-Brazil). Comp Biochem Physiol 80B:737–741

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vazquez GR, Guerrero GA (2007) Characterization of blood cells and hematological parameters in Cichlasoma dimerus (Teleostei, Perciformes). Tissue Cell 39:151–160

    Google Scholar 

  • Verburg van Kemenade BML, Nowak B, Engelsma MY, Wyets FAA (1999) Differential effects of cortisol on apoptosis and proliferation of carp B- lymphocytes from head kidney, spleen and blood. Fish Shellfish Immunol 9:405–415

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vetansnik L, Halacka K, Lusk LS (2006) Erythrocyte profile of diploid and triploid silver Crucian carp. (Carrassius auratus). Acta Vet Brno 75:203–207

    Google Scholar 

  • Vigliano FA, Araujo AM, Marcaccini AJ, Marengo MV, Cattaneo E, Peirone C et al (2014) Effect of season ans sex in haematological parameters and cellular composition of spleen and head kidney of pejerrey (Odontesthes bonariensis). Fish Physiol Biochem 40:417–426. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-013-9853-z

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vosyliene MZ (1999) The effect of heavy metals on haematological indices of fish (survey). Acta Zool Litu 9:76–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/13921657.1999.10512290

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vutkuru SS (2005) Acute effects of hexavalent chromium on survival, oxygen consumption, hematological parameters and some biochemical profiles of the Indian major carp, Labeo rohita. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2:56–462

    Google Scholar 

  • Waagbo R, Sandnes K, Espelid S, Lie O (1988) Haematological and biochemical analyses of Atlantic salmon, Salmo solar L., suffering from coldwater vibriosis (‘Hitra disease’). J Fish Dis 11:417–423. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2761.1988.tb00737.x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wedemeyer GA, Barton BB, McLeay DJ (1990) Stress and acclimation

  • Wedemeyer GA, Gould RW, Yasutake WT (1983) Some potentials and limits of the leucocrit test as a fish health assessment method. J Fish Biol 23:711–416

    Google Scholar 

  • Weinberg SR, LoBueJ SCD, Gordon AS (1976) Hematopoiesis of the kissing gourami (Helostoma temmincki). Effects of starvation, bleeding and plasma-stimulating factors on its erythropoiesis. Can J Zool 54:1115–1127

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wendelaar Bonga SE (1997) The stress response in fish. Physiol Rev 77:591–625. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.1997.77.3.591

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wise DJ, Tomass JR, Gatlin DM III, Bai SC, Blazer VS (1993) Effects of dietary selenium and vitamin E on red blood cell peroxidation, glutathione peroxidase activity, and macrophage superoxide anion production in channel catfish. J Aquat Anim Health 5:177–182. https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8667(1993)005%3C0177:EODSAV%3E2.3.CO;2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Witeska M, Dudyk J, Jarkiewicz N (2015) Haematological effects of 2-phenoxyethanol and etomidate in carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Vet Anaesth Analg 42:537–546. https://doi.org/10.1111/vaa.12242

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wyets FAA, Flikt G, Verburg van Kemenade BML (1998) Cortisol inhibits apoptosis in carp neutrophilic granulocytes. Dev Comp Immunol 22:563–572

  • Yin Z, Lam TJ, Sin YM (1995) The effects of crowding stress on the non-specific immune response in fancy carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Fish Shellfish Immunol 5:519–529. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1050-4648(95)80052-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yousefzadeh F, Khara H (2015) Changes in blood chemistry and hematological indices of Capoeta capoeta gracilis in relation to age, sex, and geographic location. Comp Clin Path 24:791–795. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-014-1983-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yunxia Q, Jianzhong S, Guoliang W (2001) A review of principal bacterial diseases of mariculture fish. Transactions of Oceanology and Limnology 2:87–87

    Google Scholar 

  • Zakes Z, Demska-Zakes K, Szczepkowski M, Rozynski M, Ziomek E (2016) Impact of sex and diet on hematological and blood plasma biochemical profiles and liver histology of pike perch (Sander lucioperca (L.)). Arch Pol Fisheries 24:61–68. https://doi.org/10.1515/aopf-2016-0007

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zanuy S, Carrillo M (1985) Annual cycles of growth, feeding rate, gross conversion efficiency and hematocrit levels of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) adapted to two different osmotic media. Aquaculture 44:11–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(85)90038-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao H, Panase P, Zhang Z, Yao P, Zhang Y, Suwannapoom C (2018) Hematological and plasm biochemical values for Rhinogobio ventralis in the Yangtze River, China. Comp Clin Path:1–5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00580-018-2660-2

  • Zhou X, Li M, Abbas K, Wang W (2009) Comparison of haematology and serum biochemistry of cultured and wild Dojo loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus. Fish Physiol Biochem 35:435–441. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-008-9268-4

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu P, Tang Y, Fan J, Fang J, Peng X, Cui H (2017) Hematological parameters and blood cell morphology of male and female Schizothorax (Racoma) davidi (Sauvage). J World Aquacult Soc 48:821–830. https://doi.org/10.1111/jwas.12397

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zutshi B, Prasad SR, Nagaraja R (2010) Alteration in hematology of Labeo rohita under stress of pollution from lakes of Bangalore, Karnataka, India. Environ Monit Assess 168:11–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-009-1087-2

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to the Head, Department of Zoology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, India, for providing necessary facilities.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. DST-Sponsored Fish Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, 190006, India

    Imtiaz Ahmed & Quseen Mushtaq Reshi

  2. Department of Veterinary Sciences, Polo Universitario dell’ Annunziata, University of Messina, 98168, Messina, Italy

    Francesco Fazio

Authors
  1. Imtiaz Ahmed
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Quseen Mushtaq Reshi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Francesco Fazio
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Imtiaz Ahmed.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ahmed, I., Reshi, Q.M. & Fazio, F. The influence of the endogenous and exogenous factors on hematological parameters in different fish species: a review. Aquacult Int 28, 869–899 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-019-00501-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-019-00501-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation