Abstract
Carbon black is the prime component used in tyre manufacturing. Normally, 40–60 phr of carbon black is added in rubbers to enhance their physico-mechanical properties. Utilisation of high amounts of carbon black during tyre manufacturing will certainly lead to more fly loss, which may create several health hazards to humans involved in the mixing operation. This research work aims to partially replace carbon black with minimal nanoclay and balance the technical properties of styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) compounds. Organically modified polar nanoclay namely, Cloisters 30B was used in this study. Compatibility between SBR and Cloisite 30B was enhanced by introducing carboxylated styrene butadiene rubber (XSBR) as compatibiliser. Compatibilised SBR nanocomposites were developed by means of a two-step mixing process, where the required quantity of Cloisite 30B was dispersed in XSBR through a solution mixing technique. Further, the dried XSBR-Cloisite 30B films were incorporated in the bulk SBR matrix along with carbon black and curing agents through a mechanical mixing technique. For comparison, carbon black filled SBR compounds and dual filler (carbon black and cloisite 30B) filled uncompatibilised SBR compounds were prepared directly via a mechanical mixing method. Cure characteristics, morphology, wear behaviour and mechanical properties were analysed for the prepared rubber compounds. Compatibilised styrene butadiene rubber nanocomposite containing a dual filler exhibited an increase in maximum torque, tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, storage modulus and resistance to wear proving to be potential candidature for tyre applications. The obtained results confirmed that a minimal quantity of nanoclay (3.5 phr) and carbon black (20 phr) contributed to achieve desired technical properties of SBR compounds. In addition, it was observed that the addition of carbon black enhances the distribution of nanoclay bybreaking the nanoclay agglomerates in the SBR matrix, which indeed elevates the technical properties of the related compounds.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Malas A, Das CK (2013) Selective dispersion of different organoclays in styrene butadiene rubber in the presence of a compatibilizer. Mater Des 49:857–865
Rajasekar R, Nayak G, Malas A, Das C (2012) Development of compatibilized SBR and EPR nanocomposites containing dual filler system. Mater Des 35:878–885
Ahmadi Shooli S, Tavakoli M (2016) Styrene butadiene rubber/epoxidized natural rubber (SBR/ENR50) nanocomposites containing nanoclay and carbon black as fillers for application in tire-tread compounds. J Macromol Sci Part B 55 (10):969–983
Giannelis EP (1996) Polymer layered silicate nanocomposites. Adv Mater 8(1):29–35
Chen Y, Lin Y, Luo Y, Jia D, Liu L (2016) Styrene butadiene rubber/carbon black composites modified by imidazole derivatives. Int J Polym Anal Charact 21(5):447–457
Gopi JA, Patel SK, Chandra AK, Tripathy DK (2011) SBR-clay-carbon black hybrid nanocomposites for tire tread application. J Polym Res 18(6):1625–1634
Malas A, Das CK (2012) Carbon black–clay hybrid nanocomposites based upon EPDM elastomer. J Mater Sci 47(4):2016–2024
Sengupta R, Chakraborty S, Bandyopadhyay S, Dasgupta S, Mukhopadhyay R, Auddy K, Deuri A (2007) A short review on rubber/clay nanocomposites with emphasis on mechanical properties. Polym Eng Sci 47(11):1956–1974
Gopi JA, Patel SK, Tripathy DK, Chandra AK (2016) Development of cooler running PCR tire tread using SBR–ENR-nano clay composite. Int J Plast Technol 20(2):345–363
Nabil H, Ismail H (2014) Blending of natural rubber/recycled ethylene-propylene-diene rubber: Promoting the interfacial adhesion between phases by natural rubber latex. Int J Polym Anal Charact 19(2):159–174
Hayeemasae N, Ismail H (2015) Thermo-mechanical performance of natural rubber/recycled ethylene-propylene-diene rubber blends in the presence of ZnO nanoparticles. Int J Polym Anal Charact 20(6):514–528
Razzaghi-Kashani M, Samadi A (2015) Physical–mechanical properties of carbon black–nanoclay composites of butyl rubber as curing bladder compounds. Plast Rubber Compos 44(7):253–258
Singh R, Shah M, Jain S, Shit S, Giri R (2013) Elastomeric composite: mechanical and thermal properties of styrene butadeine rubber (SBR) based on carbon black and nanoclay. J Inf Knwl Res Mech Eng 2:515–521
Jia Q-X, Wu Y-P, Xiang P, Xin Y, Wang Y-Q, Zhang L-Q (2005) Combined effect of nano-clay and nano-carbon black on properties of NR nanocomposites. Polym Polym Compos 13(7):709–719
Maiti M, Sadhu S, Bhowmick AK (2005) Effect of carbon black on properties of rubber nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 96(2):443–451
Praveen S, Chattopadhyay P, Albert P, Dalvi V, Chakraborty B, Chattopadhyay S (2009) Synergistic effect of carbon black and nanoclay fillers in styrene butadiene rubber matrix: development of dual structure. Compos A Appl Sci Manuf 40(3):309–316
Rajasekar R, Heinrich G, Das A, Das CK (2009) Development of SBR-nanoclay composites with epoxidized natural rubber as compatibilizer. J Nanotechnol
Huskić M, Brnardić I, Žigon M, Ivanković M (2008) Modification of montmorillonite by quaternary polyesters. J Non-Cryst Solids 354(28):3326–3331
Mai Y-W, Yu Z-Z (2006) Polymer nanocomposites. Woodhead Publishing
Liang Y, Wang Y, Wu Y, Lu Y, Zhang H, Zhang L (2005) Preparation and properties of isobutylene–isoprene rubber (IIR)/clay nanocomposites. Polym Test 24(1):12–17
Rajasekar R, Nayak G, Das C (2011) Development of EPDM nanocomposites in presence of compatibiliser. Plast Rubber Compos 40(3):146–150
Rajasekar R, Das C (2011) Development of butyl rubber nanocomposites in presence and absence of compatibiliser. Plast Rubber Compos 40(8):407–412
Alimardani M, Abbassi-Sourki F (2015) New and emerging applications of carboxylated styrene butadiene rubber latex in polymer composites and blends: review from structure to future prospective. J Compos Mater 49(10):1267–1282
Thomas S, Thomas S, Abraham J, George SC, Thomas S (2018) Investigation of the mechanical, thermal and transport properties of NR/NBR blends: impact of organoclay content. J Polym Res 25(8):165
Rahmani P, Dadbin S, Frounchi M (2012) Characterization of PVDF/nanoclay nanocomposites prepared by melt, solution, and co-precipitation methods. Int J Polym Anal Charact 17(4):291–301
Balachandran M, Bhagawan S (2012) Mechanical, thermal and transport properties of nitrile rubber (NBR)—nanoclay composites. J Polym Res 19(2):9809
Hayeemasae N, Surya I, Ismail H (2016) Compatibilized natural rubber/recycled ethylene-propylene-diene rubber blends by biocompatibilizer. Int J Polym Anal Charact 21(5):396–407
Koay SC, Chan MY, Pang MM, Tshai KY (2018) Influence of filler loading and palm oil-based green coupling agent on torque rheological properties of polypropylene/cocoa pod husk composites. Adv Polym Technol 37(6):2246–2252
Teh P, Ishak ZM, Hashim A, Karger-Kocsis J, Ishiaku U (2004) Effects of epoxidized natural rubber as a compatibilizer in melt compounded natural rubber–organoclay nanocomposites. Eur Polym J 40(11):2513–2521
Ismail H, Chia H (1998) The effects of multifunctional additive and vulcanization systems on silica filled epoxidized natural rubber compounds. Eur Polym J 34(12):1857–1863
Pal K, Rajasekar R, Das T, Kang D, Pal S, Kim J, Das C (2009) Effect of fillers on morphological properties in NR/SBR blends for OTR tyres. Plast Rubber Compos 38(7):302–308
Kim MS, Kim GH, Chowdhury SR (2007) Polybutadiene rubber/organoclay nanocomposites: effect of organoclay with various modifier concentrations on the vulcanization behavior and mechanical properties. Polym Eng Sci 47(3):308–313
Ramadan AR, Esawi AM, Gawad AA (2010) Effect of ball milling on the structure of Na+-montmorillonite and organo-montmorillonite (cloisite 30B). Appl Clay Sci 47(3–4):196–202
Sedničková M, Mošková DJ, Janigová I, Kronek J, Jankovič L, Šlouf M, Chodák I (2017) Properties of natural rubber composites with structurally different clay intercalable surfactants. J Polym Res 24(7):105
Liu Y, Li L, Wang Q (2010) Reinforcement of natural rubber with carbon black/nanoclay hybrid filler. Plast Rubber Compos 39(8):370–376
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mohan Kumar, H.K., Subramaniam, S., Rathanasamy, R. et al. Substantial reduction of carbon black and balancing the technical properties of styrene butadiene rubber compounds using nanoclay. J Rubber Res 23, 79–87 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42464-020-00039-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42464-020-00039-7