Original article
Proeryon, a geographically and stratigraphically widespread genus of polychelidan lobstersProeryon, un genre de langoustine Polychelida très répandu géographiquement et stratigraphiquement

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annpal.2019.102376Get rights and content

Abstract

Polychelidan lobsters are decapod crustaceans characterized by their four to five pairs of claws. The first description of a polychelidan lobster dates back to 1817, and since then, numerous species have been described with varying level of details. This situation sometimes led to the description of synonymous species, and more generally, led to a lack of overview on the group systematic and evolutionary history. Herein, we review Proeryon¸ one of the most diversified and stratigraphically widespread polychelidan. We argue that Proeryon is closely allied to Tethyseryon and Gabaleryon and propose to assign them to Proeryoninae nov. subfam., which are mainly characterized by their hemicircular ocular incision, postorbital and branchial carinae not joined together, and axial carina on pleonites cut by transverse grooves. Proeryon is in turn characterized by its marked cervical and hepatic incisions, simple posterolateral spines and arched uropodal exopod diaeresis. Thus defined, we assign the following species to Proeryon: P. charbonnieri, P. giganteus, P. hauffi, P. laticaudatus, P. richardsoni, P. stoddarti and two unnamed species from the Hauterivian of Germany and Switzerland, respectively. In addition, we refer to Proeryon, with some reservations, two new species,?Proeryon quiltyi from the Callovian of Antarctica and?Proeryon erinaceus from the Oxfordian of France. Proeryon has highly discontinuous but large stratigraphic (Pliensbachian – Hauterivian: about 60 MA) and palaeogeographic (from United Kingdom to Siberia, and to Antarctica) distribution. Most of these species occurs in relatively deep neritic or deeper palaeoenvironments. It is possible that this deep-sea dwelling is one of the reasons why Proeryon survived so long. Also, we note the presence of abundant oysters living as epibionts on some specimens of Proeryon hartmanni. Their disposition and number suggest that P. hartmanni was an epibenthic animal.

Résumé

Les Polychelida sont des crustacés décapodes caractérisés par la présence de quatre à cinq paires de pinces. La première espèce de Polychelida a été décrite en 1817 ; depuis, de nombreuses espèces ont été décrites avec plus ou moins de détails. Cette hétérogénéité a abouti à la description de nombreuses espèces synonymes, limitant notre compréhension de la systématique et de l’évolution des Polychelida. Dans cet article, nous réétudions Proeryon, l’un des genres de Polychelida les plus diversifiés et possédant une grande répartition stratigraphique. Proeryon semble proche de Tethyseryon et Gabaleryon ; nous proposons donc de réunir ces trois genres au sein des Proeryoninae nov. subfam., caractérisés par une incision oculaire hémicirculaire, une carène postorbitaire distincte de la carène branchiale et la carène axiale des pléonites recoupée par les sillons transversaux. Proeryon se distingue par ses incisions cervicales et hépatiques marquées, ses épines postérolatérales simples et sa diérèse arquée sur l’exopode de l’uropode. Ainsi, nous incluons dans Proeryon les espèces suivantes : P. charbonnieri, P. giganteus, P. hauffi, P. laticaudatus, P. richardsoni, P. stoddarti et deux espèces de l’Hauterivien d’Allemagne et de Suisse restées en nomenclature ouverte. De plus, nous suggérons que ?Proeryon quiltyi du Callovien d’Antarctique et?Proeryon erinaceus de l’Oxfordien de France sont également des Proeryon. La répartition stratigraphique (Plienbachien-Hauterivien) et paléogéographique (du Royaume Uni à la Sibérie) de Proeryon est très étendue mais également extrêmement discontinue. La plupart des espèces de Proeryon proviennent de paléoenvironnements néritiques assez profonds. Il est imaginable que la vie en milieux profonds soit une des raisons expliquant comment Proeryon a survécu si longtemps. D’autre part, nous notons d’abondantes huîtres vivant en épibiontes sur certains spécimens de Proeryon hartmanni. Leur disposition et abondance suggèrent que P. hartmanni était un animal épibenthique.

Introduction

Polychelidan lobsters (also referred to as Eryonoidea Haan, 1823) are decapod crustaceans characterized by their four to five pairs of clawed pereiopods. They are discovered in various fossil environments, from shallow waters, as in the Solnhofen or Monte Fallano plattenkalks (Garassino and Schweigert, 2006, Bravi et al., 2014) to deep-water environments (Audo et al., 2014c, Audo et al., 2018a). Fossil representatives have been first described in the early 19th century (Desmarest, 1817), and since then, numerous species have been described by various authors, with varying level of details and terminology, leading to numerous taxonomic imprecisions and the description of synonymous species (see synonymy list of Cycleryon propinquus in Garassino and Schweigert, 2006 as a good example). These taxonomic issues prevent us to have a good overview of the diversity and evolutionary history of polychelidan lobsters. For these reasons, Audoʼs (2014) unpublished PhD thesis included the first comprehensive systematic review of polychelidan lobsters. The present work is based upon Audo (2014) and an unpublished project by G. Schweigert, and proposes a modern and updated systematic revision of one of the most diverse, geographically widespread, and long-living genus of polychelidan lobster: Proeryon Beurlen, 1928. We also describe two new species tentatively assigned to Proeryon and a further new species probably belonging to Eryonidae Haan, 1823 which co-occurs with Proeryon stoddarti (Woodward, 1881), with which it could be easily confused.

Section snippets

Material and methods

This work is based upon a total of 68 specimens (counting only one specimen in the case of multiple casts of the same specimen) listed in the systematic treatment of each species and in Appendix 1. Most specimens were directly studied, or, if this was not possible, they were studied based upon good quality, high-resolution photographs. In the case of ? Proeryon quiltyi sp. nov. and of Proeryon hartmanni (Meyer, 1836) illustrated in Schmidt-Kaler et al. (1992: fig. 47), we were unfortunately

Systematic palaeontology

Malacostraca Latreille, 1802

Decapoda Latreille, 1802

Pleocyemata Burkenroad, 1963

Polychelida Scholtz and Richter, 1995

Eryonoidea Haan, 1823

Coleiidae Van Straelen, 1925

Proeryoninae nov. subfam.

Included genera. Proeryon Beurlen, 1928 (type), Gabaleryon Audo, Williams, Charbonnier and Schweigert, 2017b, Tethyseryon Bravi, Garassino, Bartiroma, Audo, Charbonnier, Schweigert, Thévenard and Longobardi, 2014.

Occurrence. Pliensbachian (United Kingdom), Toarcian (France, Germany, Russia, United Kingdom),

Discussion

Diversity. Our taxonomic revision of Proeryon reveals it is, after Coleia Broderip, 1835, the secondmost diverse genus of polychelidan lobsters, with up to 11 species on a total of 66 species of polychelidan lobsters (nomina dubia and nomina nuda not included: see Appendix 2). In the case of Coleia, the morphological diversity of the genus may give hints that Coleia as it is currently considered (e.g. see Schweitzer et al., 2010) is not monophyletic. By contrast, Proeryon is supported by a

Conclusion

Our reinvestigation of Proeryon shows that with nine to eleven species, it is one of the most diverse genera of polychelidan lobsters. Proeryon was an evolutionary success, which survived at least from the Pliensbachian to the Hauterivian and colonized environments from Siberia to United Kingdom, possibly going as far as Antarctica.

Disclosure of interest

The authors declare that they have no competing interest.

Acknowledgments

We are pleased to acknowledge the precious help of curators and other people involved with palaeontological collections that helped us access fossils or sent us good quality photographs: Abel Prieur, Emmanuel Robert (Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France), Fabienne Giraud (Université Grenoble-Alpes, Grenoble, France), Claudie Durand, Armand Fayard and Rebecca Bilon (Muséum de Grenoble, Grenoble, France), Alessandro Garassino (MSNM, Milano, Italy), Isabelle Rouget (MNHN, Paris, France),

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