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Mesozoic porphyry Cu–Au mineralization and associated adakite-like magmatism in the Philippines: insights from the giant Atlas deposit

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Abstract

The Atlas porphyry Cu–Au deposit is located in central Cebu Island in the Philippines, with a proven mineral reserve of 1420 Mt at 0.45% Cu, 0.24 g/t Au, 0.018 g/t Mo, and 1.8 g/t Ag. It is associated with the Lutopan quartz diorite porphyry stock that was emplaced into the Cretaceous volcano-sedimentary sequences of the Cansi Formation. Two stages of hypogene alteration have been identified at Atlas: stage I quartz–magnetite ± chalcopyrite ± pyrite veins associated with potassic and propylitic alteration and stage II anhydrite–pyrite–chalcopyrite ± specularite veins associated with phyllic alteration. Supergene gypsum veins are also present. Mineralization is mainly associated with the stage I and stage II veins. The Lutopan quartz diorite porphyry yielded a zircon U–Pb age of 108.5 ± 1.6 Ma and is characterized by high Sr/Y (54–69), with the corresponding magma having high oxygen fugacity (avg. ΔFMQ +2.7, avg. Ce4+/Ce3+ of zircon = 439) and H2O concentrations (presence of amphibole and biotite phenocrysts) and low magmatic temperatures (avg. Ti-in-zircon thermometry = 706 °C). The relatively low La/Yb ratios (9–11), listric-shaped normalized REE patterns with weak or absent Eu anomalies, together with zircon εHf(t) values of 3.4 to 10.0, whole-rock ISr values of 0.70373–0.70382, εNd(t) values of 2.4–3.4 and Mg numbers of 49–53 suggest that the Lutopan quartz diorite porphyry was likely derived from partial melting of young lower continental crust or interaction between asthenospheric melts and lower crust melts, that evolved to adakite-like trace element compositions through amphibole fractionation. Stage I veins yielded a pyrite Re–Os isochron age of 110.2 ± 5.6 Ma, making Atlas the only Mesozoic porphyry deposit discovered in the Philippines.

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Acknowledgments

We especially thank Prof. Ye-hua Shan and Dr. Ming-dao Sun for assistance with the field work, Dr. Jing Zhang for assisting with the pyrite Re–Os analyses, and Dr. Shi-tao Zhang and Dr. Gao-bin Chu for assisting with the whole-rock Sr–Nd analyses. In particular, thanks are extended to Prof. Bernd Lehmann, Prof. Zhiming Yang, Prof. David Cooke, Prof. Thomas Bissig, and Prof. Farhad Bouzari for constructive and insightful suggestions for earlier versions of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was financially supported by the “135” Planned Project of Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (135PY201606), the Strategic Priority Research Program (B) of Chinese Academy of Science (Grant No. XDB18000000) and the Open Sharing Fund for the Large-scale Instruments and Equipments of Central South University (CSUZC201902).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China

    Yu Zhang, Jing Tian, Lin Gong & Huayong Chen

  2. School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China

    Yu Zhang

  3. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China

    Jing Tian, Lin Gong & Huayong Chen

  4. Department of Geology, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7B 5E1, Canada

    Pete Hollings

  5. Carmen Copper Corporation, 6038, Toledo, Philippines

    Iglas Alburo & Dennis G. Francisco

  6. Regional Office 7, Mines & Geosciences Bureau, Philippine Department of Environment & Natural Resources, 6014, Mandaue, Philippines

    Al Emil Berador

  7. Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochronology and Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China

    Jie Li

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  1. Yu Zhang
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  2. Jing Tian
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  9. Huayong Chen
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Correspondence to Huayong Chen.

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Zhang, Y., Tian, J., Hollings, P. et al. Mesozoic porphyry Cu–Au mineralization and associated adakite-like magmatism in the Philippines: insights from the giant Atlas deposit. Miner Deposita 55, 881–900 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-019-00907-2

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