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Synthesis and Application of MnO2/Exfoliated Graphite Electrodes for Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Degradation of Methylene Blue and Congo Red Dyes in Water

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Abstract

Exfoliated graphite (EG), manganese dioxide (MnO2), and EG/MnO2-based electrodes were used in this work for the degradation of organic pollutants in wastewater under visible light irradiation. Methylene blue and Congo red dyes were used for the degradation. The synthesis of the nanocomposite electrodes was carried out through the co-precipitation technique. The electrodes were engaged for degradation of the dyes under electrochemical oxidation, photolysis, and photoelectrochemical methods. The characterization techniques utilized encompass transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ultraviolet-visible (UV) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The EG/MnO2 photoanode was applied in the photoelectrochemical degradation of 0.1 × 10–4 M methylene blue and Congo red dyes in 0.1 M Na2SO4 under visible light irradiation. The XRD analysis revealed that the MnO2 exist as α-MnO2. SEM morphologies showed a satisfying dispersion of MnO2 on EG. The EG/MnO2 composite absorbed a noticeable amount of light in the visible light region compared with the pure EG and MnO2. The photoelectrochemical degradation process resulted in enhanced degradation efficiency of Congo red (97.6%) and methylene blue (98.7%) within 60 min and was observed to be higher than those of photolysis and electrochemical oxidation processes.

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Acknowledgments

The authors which to acknowledged Kamdem Hugues for assistance of one material used for the experiment also Csir, (PDRF), NRF University of Johannesburg, Vaal University of South Africa.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Vaal University of Technology, Private Mail Bag X021, Vanderbijlpark, 1900, South Africa

    Onoyivwe Monday Ama & Peter Ogbemudia Osifo

  2. DST-CSIR National Center for Nanostructured Materials, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa

    Khotso Khoele & Suprakas Sinha Ray

  3. Department of Chemical, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa

    Khotso Khoele & David Jacobus Delport

  4. CSIR-Water Research Institute, P. O. Box M. 32, Accra, Ghana

    William Wilson Anku

  5. Department of Chemical Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, Johannesburg, 2028, South Africa

    Suprakas Sinha Ray

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  1. Onoyivwe Monday Ama
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  2. Khotso Khoele
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Correspondence to Onoyivwe Monday Ama.

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Ama, O.M., Khoele, K., Anku, W.W. et al. Synthesis and Application of MnO2/Exfoliated Graphite Electrodes for Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Degradation of Methylene Blue and Congo Red Dyes in Water. Electrocatalysis 11, 413–421 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12678-020-00601-2

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