Abstract
Procrastination is a prevalent problem among university students and associated with high long-term costs, but the short-term antecedents and consequences of procrastination are not well understood. Some related negative outcomes could be consequences as well as predictors of procrastination. The aim of the present study was to investigate possible reciprocal associations of affective, cognitive and health-related characteristics associated with procrastination on a momentary basis. Using ambulatory assessment, state procrastination, rumination, affective valence, and objective and subjective sleep quality were assessed over the course of 1 week. It was hypothesized that moments/days of more procrastination would be characterized by more concurrent positive affective valence and followed by moments/days of greater rumination and more negative affective valence, as well as poorer sleep quality the following night. These relations were assumed to be reciprocal, with more rumination, more negative affective valence and poorer sleep quality predicting procrastination, thus forming a self-perpetuating cycle. Multilevel modeling was used to analyze the data of 3797 observations from 63 university students. Contrary to hypotheses, procrastination moments were characterized by more concurrent negative affective valence. Furthermore, the analyses revealed no prospective reciprocal associations of the assessed constructs. Overall, the results do not support existing theoretical assumptions and research on antecedents and consequences of procrastination.
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Notes
This study was part of a larger multilab research project. The Mannheim laboratory added measures of rumination and procrastination, hence only data from this laboratory is analyzed here.
Number of L1-units depends on the regarded outcome. The models where sleep measures are the outcomes (Hypothesis 3) constitute an exception. In these cases, the models comprise only two levels with days (L1) nested in persons (L2).
Prior, also the influence of squared time since first beep was considered. However, (unsquared) time since first beep was the only relevant time variable, when both were introduced into the intercept-only models.
Due to a technical problem, one participant had to return the device two days early. Therefore only 4392 of the planned 4410 measurement occasions were administered. Taking this into account, compliance increases to 86.45%.
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Acknowledgements
D.M. was supported through a research grant from the Swedish Research Council (Vetenskapsrådet; https://www.vr.se/english.html; Project Number 2016-00337). C.K. was supported by a grant from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG KU1464/8-1). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analyses, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The manuscript is based on the master thesis by C.G. within a larger multicenter study. The authors would like to thank Dipl.Math. Iris Reinhard for statistical advice.
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Gort, C., Marcusson-Clavertz, D. & Kuehner, C. Procrastination, Affective State, Rumination, and Sleep Quality: Investigating Reciprocal Effects with Ambulatory Assessment. J Rat-Emo Cognitive-Behav Ther 39, 58–85 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-020-00353-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-020-00353-4