Abstract
When a solid projectile impacts a granular target, it experiences a drag force and abruptly comes to rest as its momentum transfers to the grains. An empirical drag force law successfully describes the force experienced by the projectile, and the corresponding grain-scale mechanisms have been deciphered for normal impacts. However, there is little work exploring non-normal impacts. Accordingly, we extend studies to explore oblique impact, in which a significant horizontal component of the drag force is present. In our experiments, a projectile impacts a quasi-two-dimensional bed of bidisperse photoelastic grains. We use high-speed imaging to measure high-resolution position data of the projectile trajectory and simultaneously visualize particle-scale force propagation in the granular medium. When the impact angle becomes important, the spatial structure of the stress response reveals relatively weak force chain propagation in the horizontal direction. Based on these observations, we describe the decrease of the inertial drag force with impact angle.
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Acknowledgements
This work is dedicated to Prof. Robert Behringer, whom we are deeply indebted to and will forever miss. His role in supporting and mentoring this research clearly justifies inclusion as a coauthor. This work was funded by NSF Grant No. DMR1206351 and DMR1809762, ARO No. W911NF-18-1-0184, NASA Grant No. NNX15AD38G, the William M. Keck Foundation, and a Duke University Provost’s Postdoctoral fellowship (CSB).
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Bester, C.S., Cox, N., Zheng, H. et al. Dynamics of oblique impact in a quasi two-dimensional granular medium. Granular Matter 22, 51 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10035-020-01019-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10035-020-01019-9