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Difference of Phenotype and Genotype Between Human and Environmental: Isolated Vibrio cholerae in Surabaya, Indonesia

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Abstract

Cholera due to Vibrio cholerae has been spreading worldwide, although the reports focusing on Indonesian V. cholerae are few. In this study, in order to investigate how V. cholerae transmitted to human from environment. We extended an epidemiological report that had investigated the genotype of V. cholerae isolated from human pediatric samples and environmental samples. We examined 44 strains of V. cholerae isolated from pediatric diarrhea patients and the environment such as shrimps or oysters collected in three adjacent towns in Surabaya, Indonesia. Susceptibilities were examined for 11 antibiotics. Serotype O1 or O139 genes and pathogenic genes including cholera toxin were detected. Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC)-PCR were also performed to determine genetic diversity of those isolates. Serotype O1 was seen in 17 strains (38.6%) with all pathogenic genes among 44 isolates. Other isolates were non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae. Regarding antibiotic susceptibilities, those isolates from environmental samples showed resistance to ampicillin (11.4%), streptomycin (9.1%) and nalidixic acid (2.3%) but those isolates from pediatric stools showed no resistance to those 3 kinds of antibiotics. MLST revealed sequence type (ST) 69 in 17 strains (38.6%), ST198 in 3 strains (6.8%) and non-types in 24 strains (54.5%). All the ST69 strains were classified to O1 type with more than 95% similarity by ERIC-PCR, including all 6 (13.6%) isolates from environmental samples with resistance to streptomycin. In conclusion, V. cholerae O1 ST69 strains has been clonally spreading in Surabaya, exhibiting pathogenic factors and antibiotic resistance to streptomycin, especially in the isolates from environment.

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Acknowledgements

This study was supported by following Grants: Japan Initiative for Global Research Network on Infectious Diseases (J-GRID) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sport, Science and Technology in Japan (Grant No. 18fm0108004h0004); Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED) (Grant No. JP18fk0108019); JSPS KAKENHI Grant No. 18K10045; Tahir Professorship from the University of Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia; The Institute of Tropical Disease, University of Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia; Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medical Technology, Kobe Tokiwa University, Kobe, Japan

    Kayo Osawa

  2. Department of International Health, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan

    Katsumi Shigemura, Koichi Kitagawa & Toshiro Shirakawa

  3. Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-Cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan

    Katsumi Shigemura, Toshiro Shirakawa & Masato Fujisawa

  4. Division of Translational Research for Biologics, Department of Internal Related, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan

    Koichi Kitagawa & Toshiro Shirakawa

  5. Department of Advanced Medical Science, Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan

    Koichi Kitagawa & Toshiro Shirakawa

  6. Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia

    K. Kuntaman & Ni Made Mertaniasih

  7. Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia

    Wahyu Setyarini & Dita Arizandy

  8. Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia

    Dadik Rahadjo

  9. Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan

    Ro Osawa

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  1. Kayo Osawa
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  2. Katsumi Shigemura
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  9. Ro Osawa
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  10. Toshiro Shirakawa
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  11. Masato Fujisawa
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Correspondence to Katsumi Shigemura.

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Osawa, K., Shigemura, K., Kitagawa, K. et al. Difference of Phenotype and Genotype Between Human and Environmental: Isolated Vibrio cholerae in Surabaya, Indonesia. Indian J Microbiol 60, 230–238 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-020-00861-y

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