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Phylogeography and species distribution modeling reveal a historic disjunction for the conifer Podocarpus lambertii

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Abstract

Phylogeography and species distribution models (SDMs) were integrated to test the hypothesis that the current disjunct distribution of Podocarpus lambertii, a cold-tolerant species, preserves the signature of Quaternary climatic oscillations, revealing historical barriers to gene flow. Twenty-five populations (286 individuals) of P. lambertii were screened for sequence variation at three intergenic cpDNA loci. We characterized the genetic diversity, constructed a haplotype network, identified population groups based on genetic divergence among populations and putative refugial areas, and tested the association between genetic and geographic distances. For SDMs, we used an ensemble approach based on five algorithms to estimate climatically suitable areas for the species during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), Holocene (HOL), and the present-day (PD). For all populations, haplotype and nucleotide diversity were 0.676 and 4.8 × 10−4, respectively. Neutrality tests indicated a recent expansion for the species. Analysis of molecular variance revealed genetic divergence among populations (FST = 0.1385), significantly correlated with geographic distances (r = 0.524, p < 0.01). Bayesian analysis suggested the formation of a Southern Group (SG) and Northern Group (NG), separated by a barrier to gene flow, with high differentiation among groups (FCT = 0.6458). The SDMs showed temporal changes in an area suitable for P. lambertii, mainly present at high altitudes and cold temperatures. The main occurrence area of P. lambertii now resides in SG, owing to a colder climate when compared with NG and the expansion of Araucaria angustifolia, a nurse plant that may have created better microclimatic conditions for P. lambertii expansion.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to thank the Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Santa Catarina State University (UDESC), Tropical Forest Research Group (NPFT), Conservation and Use of Natural Resources (UCRN), Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Developmental Physiology (LFDGV), Chico Mendes Biodiversity Institute (ICMBio), Conservation Units Division (DUC), and landowners that authorized and facilitated the sample collection. We also thank David Martin for the English review and the anonymous reviewers for their invaluable suggestions and comments.

Data archiving statement

Individual haplotype sequences found in this study for each intergenic region have been submitted to the GenBank databases under submission MK648496 – MK648786 (trnS–trnfM), MK648787 – MK649082 (trnH–psbA), and MK649083 – MK649378 (atpE–rbcL).

Funding

This work was financially supported by the National Council of Technological and Scientific Development (FAPESC/2780/2012–4 and 305980/2018–1 to M.S.R.) and the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) for the doctoral scholarship to A.P.B and M.B.L.

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  1. Núcleo de Pesquisas em Florestas Tropicais (NPFT), Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Rodovia Admar Gonzaga 1346, Florianópolis, Brazil

    Alison Paulo Bernardi, Miguel Busarello Lauterjung & Maurício Sedrez dos Reis

  2. Uso e Conservação dos Recursos Florestais (UCRF), Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Avenida Luís de Camões 2090, Lages, Brazil

    Adelar Mantovani

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  1. Alison Paulo Bernardi
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  4. Maurício Sedrez dos Reis
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This research represents part of a doctoral thesis of APB. MSR, AM, and APB designed the research; APB and MBL collected the samples and performed the laboratory procedures; APB and MBL performed the analysis; APB wrote the draft of the manuscript; all authors reviewed and contributed to the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Alison Paulo Bernardi.

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Bernardi, A.P., Lauterjung, M.B., Mantovani, A. et al. Phylogeography and species distribution modeling reveal a historic disjunction for the conifer Podocarpus lambertii. Tree Genetics & Genomes 16, 40 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-020-01434-2

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