Giant high temperature superelasticity in Ni53Mn24Ga21Co1Cu1 microwires
Introduction
Smart materials play an increasingly role in modern society. Ni-Mn-Ga shape memory alloys (SMAs) have drawn increasing attention in recent years due to their magnetic shape memory effect (MSME), damping capacities, magneto-caloric effect (MCE) and magnetic-torque-induced bending (MTIB), magnetic field-induced strain (MFIS), and such alloys can be potentially used as microactuators, magnetic cooling or energy harvesting devices [[1], [2], [3]]. Shape memory alloys exhibit superelasticity and shape memory properties because of a reversible phase transformation between austenite and martensite. Close to the transformation temperature, the high-symmetry parent phase can be deformed into low-symmetry martensite by external stress. Upon unloading, the martensite reversely transforms back to the parent phase. This stress-induced transformation is the origin of superelasticity. In bulk polycrystalline SMAs superelasticity is restrained by the brittle grain boundaries rarely exhibit large recoverable strain [4]. In order to overcome this problem, a change in the size of the sample may change its performance [5]. Li et al. [6] reported that mechanical and SME characteristics can be improved by grain refinement. Müllner [7] also proposed that reducing the sample size to small dimensions, such as in Ni–Mn–Ga powders, fibers, ribbons, foams [8], and microwires [[9], [10], [11]], can change the magneto mechanical properties and superelastic strain. Microwires improve mechanical properties by reducing grain binding, decreasing grain number in cross section and improving grain coordination. A Taylor-Ulitovsky method was proved to be a facile and effective way to reduce the geometrical constraints imposed by grain boundaries and the dimensions of the sample [[12], [13], [14]], bring in texture simultaneously, and consequently enhance the tensile superelasticity and ductility in SMAs. High temperature shape memory alloy refers to the shape memory alloy whose phase transformation temperature is higher than 473.15 K. Ni-Mn-Ga based shape memory alloys is usually applied at room temperature, high temperature is rarely used. With the doping of Co [15,16] and Cu [17] the transformation temperature transfer to a high temperature range as well as improve its mechanical properties, make it an alternative material for high temperature devices.
Section snippets
Experiments
In this paper, high purity Ni (99.97%) particles, Mn (99.97%) tablets, Ga (99.97%) blocks, Co (99.9%) plates, and Cu (99.98%) particles were selected as raw materials, the vacuum arc melting furnace is used for smelting. Because the melting points of various elements are quite different, the steps of first smelting NiMn intermediate alloy with 1:1 atomic ratio and then smelting Ni53Mn24Ga21Co1Cu1 alloy are adopted. For composition uniform the mass of the alloy ingot is around 45 g. The melting
Results and discussion
The phase transformation temperature of the Ni53Mn24Ga21Co1Cu1 alloy microwire was measured by DSC. The start and finish temperature of austenite transformation and martensite transformation, they are marked as As, Af, Ms, and Mf in Fig. 1 (a), which correspond to both the as-prepared and heat treated microwire, respectively. It can be clearly seen that after heat treatment, the phase transformation peaks become narrow and smooth, and shift to high temperature by nearly 30 K. Meanwhile, the Ni53
Conclusion
The properties of Ni53Mn24Ga21Co1Cu1 microwires prepared by the Taylor-Ulitovsky method, with the diameter of 140 μm, consisting of multi-martensite phase are mainly discussed. The as prepared microwire exhibits giant recoverable strain (~16.3%) and superelasticity (~14%) at 523.15 K, and maintains superelastic property of more than 10% with a large temperature range (150 K). It was also found that the energy loss density of the heat treated microwire is 0.071 J/g, which is about twice than
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Jianxing Zhang: Data curation, Writing - original draft. Zhiyi Ding: Data curation, Writing - review & editing. Ruihang Hou: Writing - review & editing. Jiajie Gao: Investigation. Jie Zhu: Supervision, Resources, Writing - review & editing.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgement
This work is supported by National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program) under Grant No. 2015AA034101 and the State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials with Grant No. 2018Z-26.
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