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De Novo Transcriptomics Analysis of the Floral Scent of Chinese Narcissus

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Abstract

The Chinese narcissus is a well-known monocotyledon plant with a beautiful color, and fresh with a sweet floral scent. Lack of transcriptomic and genomic information hinders understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the biosynthesis of narcissus floral scent volatiles. Here we predicted the functions of identified significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs), according to public protein annotation databases. Using RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) on the Illumina HiSeq system and de novo transcriptome assembly, we investigated gene expression in narcissus corona and petal tissues at the early flowering (day 1) and full-bloom (day 7) stages. Significant differences in the expression profiles of 14 fragrance-related genes were further analyzed by qRT-PCR. A total of 62,826,860,514 bases were generated by RNA-seq; clean reads were 210,658,254 bp, and the guanine-cytosine content was 47.7%–48.88%. Transcripts (n = 167,374; 67.27%) and unigenes (n = 81,442; 32.73%) had mean lengths of 1069.70 bp and 813.27 bp, respectively. The total length and N50 length values of transcripts were 179,040,048 bp and 1654 bp, while those of unigenes were 66,234,291 bp and 1406 bp. Assembled genes were annotated by comparison with the non-redundant, Protein family, Clusters of Orthologous Groups of proteins, Swiss-Prot, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, and Gene Ontology, public protein databases. Additionally, 46 and 71 significantly differentially expressed genes encoded enzymes and transcription factors, respectively, associated with floral volatiles biosynthesis pathways, were analyzed in-depth. Our findings represent a fundamental step toward better understanding of the mechanisms of narcissus floral volatile biosynthesis.

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Abbreviations

HS-SPME:

solid-phase microextraction

GC-MS:

gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

NES/LINS:

nerolidol/linalool synthase

TPS:

terpene synthase

AADC:

pyridoxal-50 -phosphate-dependent L-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase

PAR:

phenylacetaldehyde reductase

DXR:

1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase

PAL:

phenylalanine ammonia-lyase

BEAT:

benzyl alcohol acetyltransferase

BAMT:

benzoic acid carboxyl methyl transferase

SAMT:

salicylic acid carboxyl methyl- transferase

HPL:

Hydroperoxide lyase

2AP:

2-acetyl-1-pyrroline

BADH2 (AMADH2):

betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase 2

NR:

non-redundant protein sequences

Pfam:

Protein family

KOG/COG/eggnog:

Clusters of Orthologous Groups of proteins

Swiss-Prot:

a manually annotated and reviewed protein sequence database

KEGG:

Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes

GO:

Gene Ontology

DEGs:

differential expressed genes

IPP:

isopentenyl diphosphate

DMAPP (DMADP):

dimethylallyl diphosphate

G3P:

glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

MEP:

2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate

DXS:

1-D-desoxyxylulose 5-phosphate synthase

DXP:

1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate

TPP:

thiamine pyrophosphate

CMS:

2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4- phosphate cytidylyltransferase

CTP:

cytosine 5′-triphosphate

ICME:

isoprenylcysteine methylesterase

GGDP:

geranylgeranyl diphosphate

Dedol-PP:

dehydrodolichyl diphosphate

DDS:

dedol-PP synthase

ABA:

abscisic acid

GA:

gibberellin

CDP-ME2P:

4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2-phosphate

ME-CPP:

2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate

MEcDP:

2- C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate

HMBPP:

1-hydroxy-2-methyl-butenyl 4-disphosphate

FDP:

(E, E)-Famesyl-PP

GDP:

Geranyl-PP

DoI-PP:

Dolichol-PP

MAS:

momilactone A synthase

benzoyl-CoA:

O-benzoyltransferase

DBAT:

10-deacetylbaccatin III 10-O-acetyltransferase

Phe:

phenylalanine

Tyr:

tyrosine

TAL:

tyrosine ammonia lyase

4CL:

4-coumarate--CoA ligase

ALDH:

aldehyde dehydrogenase

CCR:

cinnamoyl CoA reductase

CCoAOMT:

caffeoyl-CoA-O-methyltransferase

CAD:

cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase

ASAT:

aspartate aminotransferase

HCT:

shikimate O-hydroxycinnamoyl transferase;

benzoyl-CoA:

benzyl alcohol O-benzoyltransferase

bZIP:

basic leucine zipper

ERF:

ethylene-responsive factor

bHLH:

basic helix-loop-helix

SRF:

serum response factor

TCP:

TEOSINTE-BRANCHED1/CYCLOIDEA/PCF

EOBI:

EMISSION OF BENZENOIDS I

MAPK:

mitogen-activated protein kinase

JA:

jasmonate acid

BIS1:

bHLH iridoid synthesis 1

qRT-PCR:

real-time quantitative PCR

FPKM:

fragments per kilobase of transcript per million mapped reads

FDR:

false discovery rate

TFs:

transcription factors

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Acknowledgments

We would like to thank the Charlesworth (https://www.cwauthors.com.cn) for language editing services.

Funding

This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC; 30972031) and the Science and Technology Innovation Team of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences (STIT2017-2-11).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.1499 Jiulong Avenue, Zhangzhou, 363005, Fujian, People’s Republic of China

    Yansen He

  2. College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, No.58 Renmin Avenue, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, People’s Republic of China

    Min Xu

  3. College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, No. 15 Shangxiadian Road, Fuzhou, 350002, Fujian, People’s Republic of China

    Xiaojing Chen

Authors
  1. Yansen He
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  2. Min Xu
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  3. Xiaojing Chen
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Contributions

HYS and XM drafted the manuscript together. HYS conceived the study and participated in the design of all experiments. XM performed qRT-PCR and statistical analysis. CXJ participated in the data analysis and discussion about the experiments. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Yansen He or Xiaojing Chen.

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Communicated by: Dr. Marcelo C. Dornelas (Associate Editor)

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He, Y., Xu, M. & Chen, X. De Novo Transcriptomics Analysis of the Floral Scent of Chinese Narcissus. Tropical Plant Biol. 13, 172–188 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12042-020-09253-4

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