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Effect of Washing and Cooking on Nitrate Content of Potatoes (cv. Diamant) and Implications for Mitigating Human Health Risk in Iran

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Abstract

The nitrite and nitrate in foodstuff and their associated harmful effects are of great concern for human health. More than 80% of human nitrate intake is attributed to the consumption of vegetables and fruits, and for this reason, more attention should be paid to the consumption of such foodstuffs and reduction of nitrate intake. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the variation of nitrate and nitrite content in potato during home preparation, process, and cooking methods, and assessed their health risk in different age groups for the first time in Iran. The nitrite content in all of the samples was lower than the apparatus detection limit so results are reported for nitrate. A total of 471 tubers of potato cultivar Diamant were assessed. The nitrate content was measured based on the tuber weight and also in different parts of potato. The impact of different washing and baking methods on nitrate contents were also assessed. Ion chromatography was employed to determine the nitrate content. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) method covering the determination of nitrate in food was used to assess the health risk associated with potato consumption. The results showed that the average nitrate content was 123.26 mg/kg which was lower than the safe limit of nitrate. The results also showed that the total amount of nitrate in potato peel was 35% higher than in its central parts. Different washing methods could reduce the nitrate amount by 7.79 to 14.73%. Boiling potato could significantly reduce the amount of nitrate by 59.7%, while frying increased it by 52%. There were significant differences among different potato cooking methods in terms of changes in the nitrate content (P ˂ 0.001). This means that exposure in all age groups was less than the standard limits and potato intake was considered safe to all age groups. As there were significant changes in the nitrate content, it was concluded that washing and cooking methods, except frying, were suitable methods to reduce nitrate intake.

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Acknowledgements

This manuscript is extracted from the project approved by the Environmental Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, with the file number IR.MUK.REC.1395/179.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Environmental Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran

    Roya Ebrahimi, Afsaneh Ahmadian, Afsaneh Ferdousi, Shiva Zandi, Behzad Shahmoradi, Shadieh Mahammadi, Reza Rezaee, Mahdi Safari, Hiua Daraei & Afshin Maleki

  2. Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran

    Reza Ghanbari

  3. Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Davutpasa Campus, Esenler, 34220, Istanbul, Turkey

    Kaan Yetilmezsoy

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  1. Roya Ebrahimi
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  2. Afsaneh Ahmadian
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  3. Afsaneh Ferdousi
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  4. Shiva Zandi
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  9. Mahdi Safari
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  11. Afshin Maleki
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  12. Kaan Yetilmezsoy
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Correspondence to Afshin Maleki or Kaan Yetilmezsoy.

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Ebrahimi, R., Ahmadian, A., Ferdousi, A. et al. Effect of Washing and Cooking on Nitrate Content of Potatoes (cv. Diamant) and Implications for Mitigating Human Health Risk in Iran. Potato Res. 63, 449–462 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11540-020-09450-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11540-020-09450-4

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