Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Variogram Roughness Method for Casting Surface Characterization

  • Published:
International Journal of Metalcasting Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Casting surface specifications are set based on aesthetics, functionality, or a combination of both. To classify casting surfaces, visual inspections are performed by an operator who compares the casting surface to pictures or comparator plates (e.g., metal, plastic) that represent a certain roughness level. This inspection process is highly subjective, and disagreements arise on the acceptance of a casting between the casting producer and buyer. To minimize these disagreements and use developments in 3D scanning, this study aims to develop a digital surface characterization method. The method developed and implemented in this study utilizes underlying geometry estimation, abnormality detection, and a new roughness characterization formula based on a variogram to determine a surface roughness value. Tests were done to compare the new roughness characterization formula with existing quantification methods (i.e., Sa, Sq) and to compare the results of the method with human operators. The tests indicated that the variogram roughness was able to differentiate between the roughness levels of the current surface roughness standards GAR-C9 and SCRATA. In addition, the results are repeatable as well as reproducible and agree with operator judgment based on a ranking comparison between the operator and the digital method. Overall, the digital surface roughness method has the potential to improve the communication between casting suppliers and designers and make the surface roughness classification more reliable and repeatable.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 8
Figure 9
Figure 10
Figure 11
Figure 12
Figure 13
Figure 14
Figure 15

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. P. Eubanks, A. Crawford, L. Johnson, G. Larkin, W. Patschke, E. Schoefer, Steel Founders’ (Steel Founders’ Society of America. Crystal Lake, Alloy Casting Institute, 1969)

    Google Scholar 

  2. MSS SP-55, Quality Standard for Steel Castings for Valves, Flanges and Fittings and Other Piping Components (Visual Method) (Manufacturers Standardization Society of the Valve and Fittings Industry, New York, 2016)

    Google Scholar 

  3. A802/A802M − 95 1982 (2015), Standard Practice for Steel Castings, Surface Acceptance Standards (Visual Examination. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, 2015), pp. 3–5

    Google Scholar 

  4. Gar Electroforming, C-9 Cast Microfinish Comparator (Gar Electroforming, 2019). https://garelectroforming.com/index.php?route=product/product&path=59_64&product_id=73. Accessed 18 Mar 2019

  5. T.J. Schorn, AFS Trans. 114, 17–23 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  6. G. Daricilar, F. Peters, Int. J. Met. (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03355514

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. F. Peters, R. Stone, K. Watts, P. Zhong, A. Clemons, AFS Trans. 121, 8 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  8. D.-H. Lee, N.-G. Cho, Meas. Sci. Technol. (2012). https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/23/10/105601

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. X.D. Yang, J.C. Li, T.B. Xie, Key Eng. Mater. (2007). https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.364-366.750

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. H.T. Lancashire, A simulated comparison between profile and areal surface parameters: Ra as an estimate of Sa (Arxiv, 2017). http://arxiv.org/abs/1708.02284. Accessed 23 Oct 2019

  11. U.C. Nwaogu, N.S. Tiedje, H.N. Hansen, J. Mater. Process. Technol. (2013). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2012.08.008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. M.M. Voelker, F.E. Peters, Mater. Perform. Charact. (2008). https://doi.org/10.1520/MPC20160014

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. D.M. Shivanna, M.B. Kiran, S.D. Kavitha, Procedia. Mater. Sci. (2014). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mspro.2014.07.416

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. F. Darboux, P. Davy, C. Gascuel-Odoux, C. Huang, CATENA (2002). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0341-8162(01)00162-X

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. E.C. Kamphorst et al., Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 64(1992), 1749–1758 (2000). https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2000.6451749x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. T. Belem, F. Homand-Etienne, M. Souley, Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 33, 217–242 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. ASME 846.1-2009 Section 1, Surface Texture (Surface Roughness, Waviness and Lay) (ASME, New York, 2009)

    Google Scholar 

  18. FARO, FARO Edge and ScanArm ES (FARO, 2013). ftp://ftp4.jgc.gr/Pdf_files/TechSheet_FAROEdge.pdf. Accessed 06 Sep 2018

Download references

Acknowledgements

This American Metalcasting Consortium (AMC) project is sponsored by the Defense Logistics Agency Troop Support, Philadelphia, PA, and the Defense Logistics Agency Information Operations, J62LB, Research and Development, Ft. Belvoir, VA.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Iowa State University, 3004 Black Engineering, Ames, IA, 50011, USA

    Daniel Wilhelm Schimpf & Frank Earl Peters

Authors
  1. Daniel Wilhelm Schimpf
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Frank Earl Peters
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Daniel Wilhelm Schimpf.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Disclaimer: The publication of this material does not constitute approval by the government of the findings or conclusion herein. Wide distribution or announcement of this material shall not be made without specific approval by the sponsoring government activity.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Schimpf, D.W., Peters, F.E. Variogram Roughness Method for Casting Surface Characterization. Inter Metalcast 15, 17–28 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40962-020-00451-0

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40962-020-00451-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation