Abstract
There are no available guidelines in India for estimating the quantity of mine water in an operational mining pit. Based on multiple case studies, procedures to determine water quantities have been developed for Indian geo-mining conditions, which varies with season and pit depth, India’s monsoonal rainfall pattern, aquifer conditions (local and regional), and groundwater flow directions have been considered. These guidelines can be used for scientific assessments in surface pit mines, and for planning dewatering. Groundwater movement in underground mines is predominantly lateral, coinciding with the water table, and recharged by leakage from overlying aquifers, so water estimation can be based on volume and the size of voids/openings created underground. These guidelines should be useful for planning mine production and water management.
抽象
在印度,目前还没有估算生产矿山(井)涌水量的方法指南。基于多个案例研究,建立了适于印度地质-开采条件的涌水量估算方法指南,方法随季节和坑(井)深而变化。指南已经考虑了印度季风降雨模式、含水层条件(局部和区域)及地下水流方向等因素。指南能用于露天坑涌水量科学估算和制定疏排水方案。井工矿井的地下水以侧向流动为主,与潜水位一致,获取上覆含水层渗透补给,应根据地下形成的疏干空间体积和裂隙/孔洞大小估算涌水量。所建涌水量估算指南有助于矿井生产规划和矿井水管理。
Zusammenfassung
In Indien gibt es keine verfügbaren Leitlinien, um die Menge von Bergbauwasser in einem aktiven Tagebau einzuschätzen. Auf mehreren Fallstudien basierend, wurden Vorgangsweisen für die Bestimmung von Wassermengen unter indischen Geobergbau-Bedingungen entwickelt. Diese variieren mit Jahreszeit und Tagebautiefe, mit dem Muster der indischen Monsunregenfälle, mit lokalen und regionalen Grundwasserleitern, und mit den Grundwasserfließrichtungen. Diese Leitlinien können für wissenschaftliche Einschätzungen in Tagebaulöchern genutzt werden, sowie für die Planung von Entwässerung. In untertägigen Bergbauen bewegt sich das Grundwasser überwiegend seitlich, parallel zum Grundwasserspiegel, und wird durch Zusickern aus höheren Leitern gespeist. In diesem Fall kann das Wasser mittels Volumen und Größe der bergbaulichen Hohlräume eingeschätzt werden. Diese Leitlinien sollten für die Bergbauproduktionsplanung und für die Wasserbewirtschaftung nützlich sein.
Resumen
No hay pautas disponibles en la India para estimar la cantidad de agua de mina en un pozo minero operativo. Basado en múltiples estudios de caso, se han desarrollado procedimientos para determinar las cantidades de agua para las condiciones de geo-minería de la India, que varían según la estación y la profundidad del pozo; se han considerado el patrón de lluvia monzónica de la India, las condiciones de los acuíferos (locales y regionales) y las direcciones del flujo de las aguas subterráneas. Estas pautas se pueden utilizar para evaluaciones científicas en minas a cielo abierto y para planificar el desagote. El movimiento de aguas subterráneas en las minas subterráneas es predominantemente lateral, coincidiendo con la capa freática y es recargada por fugas de los acuíferos suprayacentes, por lo que la estimación del agua puede basarse en el volumen y el tamaño de los huecos/aberturas creadas bajo tierra. Estas pautas deberían ser útiles para planificar la producción minera y la gestión del agua.
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Acknowledgements
I duly acknowledge all of the mines who provided critical aid to this study: Hindustan Copper Ltd. (HCL); Manikgarh Cement, Gadchandur, Maharashtra; UltraTech Cement, Mumbai; UltraTech Cement, Gujarat Cement Works (GCW); UltraTech Cement, NCJW, Gujarat; Lafarge Umiam Mining Private Ltd (LUMPL), Shillong, Meghalaya; Bhilai Steel Plant (SAIL), Dalli Rajhara; OCL India, Rajgangpur (Orissa); M/s Jharkhand Integrated Power Ltd (JIPL), Mumbai; Advanced Mining Technology (AMT), Hyderabad (A.P.); Manganese Ore India Ltd (MOIL), Nagpur, and India Cement, Chennai. Without their help, it would not have been possible to research and develop such guidelines. I also thank the Director of the CSIR-CIMFR, Dhanbad for permitting me to publish this work. During this research, technical impediments were encountered and obstacles faced; all of the colleagues who helped me directly or indirectly are thankfully acknowledged.
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Appendix
Appendix
HCL/MCP CASE STUDY (CSIR-CIMFR 2018b)
The Malanjkhand copper project (MCP) is a large operative open pit mechanized mine with 3 million ton per annum planned production. MCP is located between the 21° 56 to 22° 05 N (latitude) and 80° 39 to 80° 46 E (longitude) and can be traced on Survey of India Topo sheet 64 B /12,64B/16, 64C/9, and 64C/13. MCP falls within the catchment boundaries of the Banjar River. The study area includes four watersheds (5D5D3, 5D5D4, 4E8I2, and 4E8I5). Currently, this open pit mine has reached its last stage and is being converted into an underground mine for Cu ore extraction (chalcopyrite) because the ore at shallow depths is exhausted. The water requirement for this mine project is fulfilled by surface water from the Banjar River, not groundwater. The pumped out pit water is distributed at various process points as well as recycled for industrial applications.
The water quantity for various seasons and for different depth has been predicted for MCP using the developed guidelines (Tables 4, 5). The input data is given below, the calculation details follow:
Input data:
Lease area = 479.9 ha
Maximum rainfall = 1484 mm
Catchment area = 1413.5 ha
Water level fluctuation (WLF) = 6.9 m (from field observations)
Specific yield = 0.20
Pit bottom RL = 340 m
Bench height = 12 m
Annual pumped quantity in the year 2018 = 1,360,000 m3
Aquifer encountered = Gneisses (unconfined)
Pit depth = 240 m (bgl); water table has been intercepted.
Other field conditions: the presence of two mining system i.e. open pit and underground in tandem; the open pit will be closed in 2020 and there will be no more ore produced from open pit; underground operations will commence in the immediate vicinity of the open pit in 2020; per the mine plan, the same water quantity will be pumped out of the mine pit in 2019 and 2020 as in 2018; the total quantity available for pumping will diminish with time.
GW Calculation
Method 1: Infiltration Method
The maximum feasible groundwater quantity = Lease area × Rainfall (max.) × RIF = 4,799,000 × 1.484 × 0.40
A = 2,848,686.4 m3
Method 2: Specific Yield Method
The maximum feasible groundwater quantity = Lease Area × Ma × fluctuation × specific yield = 4,799,000 × 6.9 × 0.20
B = 6,622,620 m3
The average groundwater quantity within the lease hold area (C = (A + B)/2):
C = (2,848,686.4 + 6622620)/2 = 4,735,653.2 m3/year
SW Calculation
Catchment area × Ma × rainfall (m) × runoff = 1413.5 ha or 14,135,000 m2 × 1.454 m × 0.46
SW = 9,649,116.40 m3/year.
Therefore, SW + GW = 4,735,653.2 + 9,649,116.40 = 14,384,769.6 m3/year or ≈ 14,400,000 m3/year. For the purpose of estimation in surface mines, total water quantity in pit is 10% of the anticipated /predicted water quantity i.e. 10% of (SW + GW). Therefore, the total water quantity (Qpredicted) available in the pit totals at least 14,400,000/10 = 1,440,000 m3/year.
Water quantity field study for pumping/year (at 340–328 m RL) is calculated as follows:
Qpumping = Annual pumped quantity (actual from field per MCP office record) ± 6% = 1,360,000 + 6% of 1,360,000 = 1,360,000 + 81,600 = 1,441,600 m3/year ≈ 1,440,000 m3/year
Inference drawn from study: Qpumping = Qpredicted. The two water quantities nearly match; hence, the predicted quantity is correct.
Accordingly, when per year water quantity (14,400,000 m3/year) is calculated, estimation of the quantity at one RL of the mine pit, preferably the lowest, is possible (Table 5). The incremental increase for depth variations can be applied thereafter @ 10% per the developed guidelines. In this case study, water quantity was only estimated at 340–328 m RL because this pit mine has reached its final RL.The distribution range, from 65 to 6% of the total water quantity, has been applied and this varies as per the long-term average annual rainfall. The shown water quantity in Table 4, column 3 is the annual water quantity (calculated/estimated).
These guidelines have been applied at this operating MCP mine site. Mine management uses engineering judgment to modify water management measures based on periodic observations of actual field conditions.
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Soni, A.K. Estimation of Mine Water Quantity: Development of Guidelines for Indian Mines. Mine Water Environ 39, 397–406 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10230-020-00685-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10230-020-00685-8