Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

A Comparative Analysis of the Bay of Bengal Ocean State Using Standalone and Coupled Numerical Models

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study evaluates the impact of coupled model in simulating the ocean state conditions of Bay of Bengal by comparing standalone and coupled numerical model simulations. The oceanic model is the Regional Ocean Modelling System (ROMS) and the coupled model comprises of ROMS and Weather Research and Forecast modelling system to simulate the oceanic and atmospheric state of the bay. The coupled model is initialized with atmospheric data from Global Data Assimilation System and oceanic data from Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean (ECCO). The standalone model is initiated with ECCO data and forced by European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts. The simulations are set with a resolution of 12 km in the ocean and 15 km in the atmosphere for the period 2008–2014, and are compared to reanalysis and measurements. The models are compared for their ability to simulate the sea surface temperature, sea surface salinity, sea level, heat flux, sea level pressure and currents in BOB. With the exchange of atmospheric fluxes and sea surface temperature, the coupled model better captured ocean state representations than the standalone model and, matches well with that of the observations. The simulated temperature shows a warm bias in both simulations at 100–150 m depth. The models are able to simulate the seasonal reversal of boundary currents and associated eddies, and variations in heat fluxes over the ocean. The coupled model provides a better simulation of the ocean state and air–sea interaction which can further be used for climate studies over the bay.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 4
Fig. 3
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Babu, M. T.: Equatorward western boundary current in the Bay of Bengal during November–December 1983. Physical Processes in the Indian Seas (Proceedings of First Convention, ISPSO), pp. 57–62.( 1992)

  • Balmaseda, M.A., Mogensen, K., Weaver, A.T.: Evaluation of the ECMWF ocean reanalysis system ORAS4. Q.J.R. Meteorol. Soc. 139, 1132–1161 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.2063

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bentamy, A., Fillon, D.C.: Gridded surface wind fields from Metop/ASCAT measurements. Int. J. Remote Sens. 33(6), 1729–1754 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2011.600348

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bonjean, F., Lagerloef, G.S.E.: Diagnostic model and analysis of the surface currents in the tropical Pacific Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 32, 2938–2954 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(2002)032%3C2938:DMAAOT%3E2.0.CO;2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boyer, T. P., Antonov, J. I., Baranova, O. K., Coleman, C., Garcia, H. E., Grodsky, A., Johnson, D. R. Locarnini, R. A., Mishonov, A. V., O'Brien, T. D., Paver, C. R., Reagan, J. R., Seidov, D., Smolyar, I. V. and Zweng, M. M.: World Ocean Database 2013. Silver Spring, MD, NOAA Printing Officce, 208pp. (NOAA Atlas NESDIS, 72) (2013) https://doi.org/10.7289/V5NZ85MT

  • Carton, J.A., Chepurin, G.A., Chen, L.: SODA3: a new ocean climate reanalysis. J. Clim. 31(17), 6967–6983 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chakraborty, A., Gangopadhyay, A.: Development of a high-resolution multiscale modeling and prediction system for bay of Bengal. Part I: Climatology-Based Simulations. O. J. Mar. Sci. 6, 145–176 (2016a). https://doi.org/10.4236/ojms.2016.61013

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chakraborty, A., Gangopadhyay, A.: Development of a high-resolution multiscale modeling and prediction system for bay of Bengal, part II: an application to October 2008. O. J. Mar. Sci. 6, 125–144 (2016b). https://doi.org/10.4236/ojms.2016.61012

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cutler, A. N., and Swallow, J. C.: Surface currents of the Indian Ocean (to 25 ̊S to 100 ̊E), Report No. 87. Institute of Oceanographic Sciences, Broadchill, UK. (1984)

  • da Silva, A. M., Young, C. C., Levitus, S.: Atlas of Surface Marine Data 1994 Volume 1: Algorithms and Procedures, NOAA Atlas NESDIS 6, US Dept.Commerce, Washington DC. (1994)

  • Dandapat, S., Chakraborty, A.: Mesoscale eddies in the Western Bay of Bengal as observed from satellite altimetry in 1993–2014: statistical characteristics, variability and three dimensional properties. IEEE J. Sel. Topics Appl. Earth Observ. Remote Sens. 9(11), 5044–5054 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2016.2585179

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Das, B.K., Anandh, T.S., Kuttippurath, J., Chakraborty, A.: Characteristics of the Discontinuity of Western Boundary Current in the Bay of Bengal. J. Geophys. Res.: Oceans. 124, 4464–4479 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JC015235

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dee, D.P., Uppala, S.M., Simmons, A.J., Berrisford, P., Poli, P., Kobayashi, S., Andrae, U., Balmaseda, M.A., Balsamo, G., Bauer, D.P., Bechtold, P.: The ERA-interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data assimilation system. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 137(656), 553–597 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.828

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ducet, N., Le Traon, P.Y., Reverdin, G.: Global high-resolution mapping of ocean circulation from TOPEX/Poseidon and ERS-1 and -2. J. Geophys. Res. 105(C8), 19477–19498 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JC900063

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elsberry, R.L., Garwood Jr., R.W.: Sea-surface temperature anomaly generation in relation to atmospheric storms. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 59(7), 786–789 (1978)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fairall, C.W., Bradley, E.F., Hare, J.E., Grachev, A.A., Edson, J.B.: Bulk parameterization of air–sea fluxes: updates and verification for the COARE algorithm. J. Clim. 16(4), 571–591 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<0571:BPOASF>2.0.CO;2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Girishkumar, M.S., Ravichandran, M.: The influences of ENSO on tropical cyclone activity in the bay of Bengal during October–December. J. Geophys. Res. 117, C02033 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JC007417

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goswami, B.N., Krishnamurthy, V., Annmalai, H.: A broad-scale circulation index for the interannual variability of the Indian summer monsoon. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 125(554), 611–633 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haidvogel, D.B., Arango, H., Budgell, W.P., Cornuelle, B.D., Curchitser, E., Di Lorenzo, E., Fennel, K., Geyer, W.R., Hermann, A.J., Lanerolle, L., Levin, J.: Ocean forecasting in terrain-following coordinates: formulation and skill assessment of the Regional Ocean modeling system. J. Comput. Phys. 227(7), 3595–3624 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2007.06.016

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jana, S., Gangopadhyay, A., Chakraborty, A.: Impact of seasonal river input on the bay of Bengal simulation. Cont. Shelf Res. 104, 45–62 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2015.05.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D., Gandin, L., Iredell, M., Saha, S., White, G., Woollen, J., Zhu, Y.: The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 77(3), 437–471 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1996)077%3C0437:TNYRP%3E2.0.CO;2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, B., Sil, S., Pandey, P.C., Chakraborty, A.: Seasonal and monthly variation of vertical structure of temperature, salinity and heat flux of the bay of Bengal. Mar. Geod. 33(1), 76–99 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lebedev, K.V., DeCarlo, S., Hacker, P.W., Maximenko, N.A., Potemra, J.T., Shen, Y.: Argo products at the asia-pacific data-research center. Eos. Transactions American Geophysical Union. 91(26), (2010)

  • Legeckis, R.: Satellite observations of a western boundary current in the bay of Bengal. J. Geophys. Res. 92(C12), 12974–12978 (1987). https://doi.org/10.1029/JC092iC12p12974

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McPhaden, M.J., Meyers, G., Ando, K., Masumoto, Y., Murty, V.S.N., Ravichandran, M., Syamsudin, F., Vialard, J., Yu, L.’., Yu, W.: RAMA: The Research Moored Array for African-Asian-Australian Monsoon Analysis and Prediction. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 90, 459–480 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Menemenlis, D., Fukumori, I., Lee, T.: Using Green's functions to calibrate an ocean general circulation model. Mon. Weather Rev. 133(5), 1224–1240 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR2912.1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Menemenlis, D., Campin, J.M., Heimbach, P., Hill, C., Lee, T., Nguyen, A., Schodlok, M., Zhang, H.: ECCO2: high resolution global ocean and sea ice data synthesis. Mercator Ocean Quarterly Newsletter. 31(October), 13–21 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  • Prasad, T.G.: Annual and seasonal mean buoyancy fluxes for the tropical Indian Ocean. Current Science. 667–674 (1997)

  • Rienecker, M.M., Suarez, M.J., Gelaro, R., Todling, R., Bacmeister, J., Liu, E., Bosilovich, M.G., Schubert, S.D., Takacs, L., Kim, G.K., Bloom, S.: MERRA: NASA’s modern-era retrospective analysis for research and applications. J. Clim. 24(14), 3624–3648 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00015.1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saha, S., Moorthi, S., Wu, X., Wang, J., Nadiga, S., Tripp, P., Behringer, D., Hou, Y., Chuang, H., Iredell, M., Ek, M., Meng, J., Yang, R., Mendez, M. P., van den Dool, H., Zhang, Q., Wang, W., Chen, M., and Becker, E.: NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) Monthly Products. Research Data Archive at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Computational and Information Systems Laboratory. Dataset. (2012) https://doi.org/10.5065/D69021ZF. Accessed 29 nov 2017

  • Shchepetkin, A.F., McWilliams, J.C.: The regional oceanic modeling system (ROMS): a split-explicit, free-surface, topography-following-coordinate oceanic model. Ocean Model. 9(4), 347–404 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2004.08.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shenoi, S.S.C., Shankar, D., Shetye, S.R.: Differences in heat budgets of the near-surface Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal: Implications for the summer monsoon. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans. 107(C6), (2002). https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JC000679

  • Shetye, S.R., Gouveia, A.D., Shenoi, S.S.C., Sundar, D., Michael, G.S., Almeida, A.M., Santanam, K.: Hydrography and circulation off the west coast of India during the southwest monsoon 1987. J. of Mar. Res. 48(2), 359–378 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1357/002224090784988809

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sil, S., Chakraborty, A.: Simulation of East India coastal features and validation with satellite altimetry and drifter climatology. Int. J. of Oce. and Clim. Sys. 2(4), 279–289 (2011a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sil, S., Chakraborty, A.: Numerical simulation of seasonal variations in circulations of the bay of Bengal. Journal of Oceanography and Marine Science. 2(5), 127–135 (2011b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sil, S., Chakraborty, A. and Ravichandran, M.: Numerical simulation of surface circulation features over the bay of bengal using regional ocean modeling system. In Advances in Geosciences: Volume 24: Ocean Science (OS) (pp. 117–130). (2011)

  • Sivareddy, S., Ravichandran, M., Girishkumar, M.S., Prasad, K.V.S.R.: Assessing the impact of various wind forcing on INCOIS-GODAS simulated ocean currents in the equatorial Indian Ocean. Ocean Dyn. 65(9–10), 1235–1247 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10236-015-0870-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skamarock, W. C., Klemp, J. B., Dudhia, J., Gill, D. O., Barker, D. M., Wang, W. and Powers, J.G.: A description of the Advanced Research WRF version 3. NCAR Technical note-475+ STR. 113 pp. (2008) doi:https://doi.org/10.5065/D68S4MVH

  • Srivastava, A., Dwivedi, S., Mishra, A.K.: Intercomparison of high-resolution bay of Bengal circulation models forced with different winds. Mar. Geod. 39(3–4), 271–289 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1080/01490419.2016.1173606

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Subramanian, V.: Sediment load of Indian rivers. Current Science. 928–930 (1993)

  • Suryanarayana, A., Murty, V.S.N., Sarma, Y.V.B., Babu, M.T., Rao, D.P., Sastry, J.S.: In: Desai, B.N. (ed.) Hydrographic features of the western Bay of Bengal in the upper 500 m under the influence of NE and SW monsoon, pp. 595–604. Oxford and IBH Publishing, New Delhi (1992) http://drs.nio.org/drs/handle/2264/3101

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, K.E.: Summarizing multiple aspects of model performance in a single diagram. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 106(D7), 7183–7192 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trenberth, K.E.: The definition of el nino. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 78(12), 2771–2777 (1997)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vinayachandran, P.N., Shetye, S.R.: The warm pool in the Indian Ocean. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences-Earth and Planetary Sciences. 100(2), 165–175 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02839431

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Warner, J.C., Armstrong, B., He, R., Zambon, J.B.: Development of a coupled ocean–atmosphere–wave–sediment transport (COAWST) modeling system. Ocean Model. 35(3), 230–244 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2010.07.010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wentz, F. J., Gentemann, C. and Hilburn, K. A.: Remote Sensing Systems TRMM TMI [Monthly] Environmental Suite on 0.25 deg grid, Version 7.1, Remote Sensing Systems, Santa Rosa, CA. Available online at www.remss.com/missions/tmi. (2015) [Accessed 25 Oct 2017]

Download references

Acknowledgements

The data used in this effort were acquired as part of the activities of NASA’s Science Mission Directorate, and are archived and distributed by the Goddard Earth Sciences (GES) Data and Information Services center (DISC). We further acknowledge Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Ministry of Human Resources and Development, Ministry of Earth Sciences, University Grants Commission and DST Climate Change SPLICE MDRP of The Government of India for providing facility and funds for this study. JK acknowledges the SRIC/CMI project of IIT Kharagpur for additional funding. Data used in the analysis (SODA from http://www.atmos.umd.edu/~ocean/index_files/soda3.3.1_mn_download.htm, ECMWF–ORAS4 from https://www.ecmwf.int/en/research/climate-reanalysis/ocean-reanalysis, NCEP–GODAS from http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/GODAS/, NCEP–FNL from https://rda.ucar.edu/datasets/ds083.2/, NCEP–CFS from https://rda.ucar.edu/datasets/ds094.2/, World Ocean Database from https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/OC5/SELECT/dbsearch/dbsearch.html, TRMM TMI from http://www.remss.com/missions/tmi/#data_access, AVISO TOPEX from http://apdrc.soest.hawaii.edu/dods/public_data/satellite_product/TOPEX/VISO_upd/ msla_monthly_clima, OSCAR from http://podaac.jpl.nasa.gov/dataset/OSCAR_L4_OC_ third-deg, MERRA from https://gmao.gsfc.nasa.gov/reanalysis/MERRA-2/, ASCAT available at http://apdrc.soest.hawaii.edu/datadoc/ascat.php, ARGO through the IPRC Argo Dataset (available at http://apdrc.soest.hawaii.edu/projects/argo/), RAMA buoy data NOAA website (https://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/drupal/disdel/) are greatly acknowledged.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Oceans, Rivers, Atmosphere and Land Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India

    T. S Anandh, Bijan Kumar Das, J. Kuttippurath & Arun Chakraborty

  2. Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, India

    T. S Anandh

  3. Department of Mathematics, Midnapore College (Autonomous), Midnapore, India

    Bijan Kumar Das

Authors
  1. T. S Anandh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Bijan Kumar Das
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. J. Kuttippurath
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Arun Chakraborty
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to T. S Anandh.

Additional information

Responsible Editor: Ashok Karumuri.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Electronic supplementary material

ESM 1

(DOCX 5439 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Anandh, T.S., Das, B.K., Kuttippurath, J. et al. A Comparative Analysis of the Bay of Bengal Ocean State Using Standalone and Coupled Numerical Models. Asia-Pacific J Atmos Sci 57, 347–359 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13143-020-00197-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13143-020-00197-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation